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  • 1
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    Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017 (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Nature, 558(7709), pp. 219-222
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-03
    Description: The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6 ± 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates of ice loss from West Antarctica to increase from 53 ± 29 billion to 159 ± 26 billion tonnes per year; ice-shelf collapse has increased the rate of ice loss from the Antarctic Peninsula from 7 ± 13 billion to 33 ± 16 billion tonnes per year. We find large variations in and among model estimates of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, with its average rate of mass gain over the period 1992–2017 (5 ± 46 billion tonnes per year) being the least certain.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018 (2020)
    In:  EPIC3Nature, 579(7798), pp. 233-239
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-03
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4–6 and surface melting7–9 have been driven by oceanic10–12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines (2018)
    NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 11(4), pp. 258-262, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Grounding lines are a key indicator of ice-sheet instability, because changes in their position reflect imbalance with the surrounding ocean and affect the flow of inland ice. Although the grounding lines of several Antarctic glaciers have retreated rapidly due to ocean-driven melting, records are too scarce to assess the scale of the imbalance. Here, we combine satellite altimeter observations of ice-elevation change and measurements of ice geometry to track grounding-line movement around the entire continent, tripling the coverage of previous surveys. Between 2010 and 2016, 22%, 3% and 10% of surveyed grounding lines in West Antarctica, East Antarctica and at the Antarctic Peninsula retreated at rates faster than 25 m yr^{−1} (the typical pace since the Last Glacial Maximum) and the continent has lost 1,463 km^2 +- 791 km^2 of grounded-ice area. Although by far the fastest rates of retreat occurred in the Amundsen Sea sector, we show that the Pine Island Glacier grounding line has stabilized, probably as a consequence of abated ocean forcing. On average, Antarctica’s fast-flowing ice streams retreat by 110 metres per metre of ice thinning.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017 (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Analysis | Published: 13 June 2018 Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017 The IMBIE team Naturevolume 558, pages219–222 (2018) | Download Citation Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6 ± 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates of ice loss from West Antarctica to increase from 53 ± 29 billion to 159 ± 26 billion tonnes per year; ice-shelf collapse has increased the rate of ice loss from the Antarctic Peninsula from 7 ± 13 billion to 33 ± 16 billion tonnes per year. We find large variations in and among model estimates of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, with its average rate of mass gain over the period 1992–2017 (5 ± 46 billion tonnes per year) being the least certain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 219-222
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Ice sheet mass balance ; 02.02. Glaciers ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018 (2021)
    Nature P.G.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow and surface melting have been driven by oceanic and atmospheric warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 233–239
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 440 (2006), S. 1033-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The existence of many subglacial lakes provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood. Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04660
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra of some complexes containing methyl-, dimethyl- and trimethyl-halophosphonium cations (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 19 (1988), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vibrational assignments for the skeletal modes of the solid-state species (CH3)nPX5-n (X = Cl, Br; 1 ≤ n ≤ 3) have been made on the basis of their Raman Spectra. The results are consistent with ionic formulations (CH3)nPX4-n +X- and are compared with any previously available data. Two modifications of (CH3)2PCl2 +Cl- have been observed for the first time and their relative stabilities investigated. Raman spectra of the mixed halogen cationic compounds CH3PCl2Br+X-, CH3PClBr2 +X- and (CH3)2PClBr +X- are also reported and Lewis acid complexes of all the phosphonium cations show characteristic high-frequency shifts in the P—X stretching modes [relative to those in (CH3) RPX4-n +X-] which are rationalized in terms of anion-cation interactions. CH3PCl4 has been observed in a molecular form and the transition to the ionic modification (at ca 160 K) has been monitored by variable temperature Raman spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250190205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra of some complexes containing methyldihalo- and dimethylhalo-sulphonium cations: Isomerism in the dimethyl sulphide-bromine complex (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 22 (1991), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vibrational assignments for the skeletal modes of some complexes containing CH3SX2+ and (CH3)2SX+ (X = Cl, Br) have been made on the basis of their solid-state Raman spectra and compared with any previous data. The stabilities of the parent CH3SX3 and (CH3)2SX2 compounds are discussed; two isomers of (CH3)2SBr2 were obtained under varying reaction conditions and assigned as ionic [(CH3)2SBr+Br-] and charge-transfer [(CH3)2S → Br2] forms. The transition of the ionic (metastable) form to the more stable charge-transfer form was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry. High-frequency shifts occur in some fundamental modes of (CH3)2SBr+Br- when Br- is replaced with a polyatomic anion, analogous to those seen in halophosphonium complexes; this is rationalized in terms of anion-cation interaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250220506
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra and isomerism of some chlorophenylphosphoranes (C6H5)nPCl5  -  n (1 ≤ n ≤ 3) and their lewis acid salts (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 26 (1995), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Syntheses of stable and metastable isomers for each of the chlorophenylphosphoranes, PhPCl4, Ph2PCl3 and Ph3PCl2, together with some Lewis acid salts are described. Comparison of Raman spectra of the salts with one set of isomers suggests an ionic formulation [PhnPCl4 - n+] [Cl-] (1 ≤ n ≤ 3); correlation with spectra of Sb and As analogues of known structure suggest pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal (Ψtbp) structures for the other isomers. Thermodynamically stable isomers are ionic Ph3PCl+Cl-, Ψtbp Ph2PCl3 and Ψtbp PhPCl4. Vibrational Raman assignments for the skeletal modes are given for each of the isomers and some of their Lewis acid salts. Frequency shifts arising from non-bonded interactions in the ionic species are compared with those in the methyl-substituted analogues.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250260202
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  • 10
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    Solids containing tetrahalophosphonium cations: An investigation using 31P and 11B magic-angle spinning NMR and Raman spectroscopy (1991)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0584-8539
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3824
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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