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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of high performance, waterborne coatings. Part II: Factors affecting adhesion performance (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new manufacturing process for high performance, waterborne coatings for can coating application was developed, which includes emulsification of an epoxy resin with or without a hardener by incorporation of an acrylic resin. It is possible by this new process to emulsify a variety of resins with minimum effects of the surfactant. (acrylic resin). The effects of surfactant and neutralizer on adhesion performance were studied. It was found that the effects of the acrylic resin amount were relatively small, and that the effects of the neutralizer were significant. It was confirmed that the usage of ammonia or amines with a branched alkyl group is required to achieve balanced dry and wet adhesion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330503
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leveling of thermosetting waterborne coatings. Part II: Drying of coated wet films (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1098-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Evaporation behavior of water/solvent blends was estimated using the universal functional activity coefficient, UNIFAC, method. The evaporation rate from a free surface of a waterborne coating, WBC, containing a co-solvent was experimentally determined. These results were used to estimate the evaporation rate from wet films of a WBC containing a variety of co-solvents with a range of initial thickness. Knowing the composition of the WBC during the drying process, the change in the viscosity and the surface tension was determined. The results strongly support the development of a surface tension gradient in the film. It is also suggested that a surface tension gradient would accelerate the leveling of the ribs if a proper co-solvent were employed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760351305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leveling of thermosetting waterborne coatings. Part I: Observation of leveling process (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 1320-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A modified observation system for the leveling process of a coated fluid is proposed, and the observation results are presented and compared with previous results. For the thermosetting waterborne coatings, the theory of Orchard, et al., and ones based on it are not applicable and fail to give even a qualitative description. The theory of Overdiep was found to be reasonable. However, it was insufficient to predict the leveling performances of coatings without experimentation. Qualitatively, the original theory suggests the possibility of the reappearance of surface ripples, in other words, the occurrence of the negative amplitude in the surface ripples during the course of leveling, although little data were presented regarding the phenomenon. It was found here that added co-solvent plays an important role on the leveling rate and also the occurrence and the control of the negative amplitude of the surface ripples. These are thought to relate closely to the volatility of the co-solvent and the composition of the solvent residue in the coated film during the leveling process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760332004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of high performance, waterborne coatings. Part III: Characterization of coatings and cured film (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High performance waterborne coatings were developed which could be utilized as an adhesive primer for sideseam bonded cans. The manufacturing process is unique; blending an epoxy / phenolic solution and an acrylic resin solution and dispersing the mixture in an aqueous medium by the phase transition method. The epoxy resins are neither chemically modified by grafting nor esterified by acrylic resin, which is thought to develop the excellent performance of epoxy / phenolic coatings. The morphology of the coatings and cured film was characterized and found to be quite different from the conventional waterborne coatings, i.e., the acrylic-modified epoxy resin systems. It was confirmed that acrylics and epoxy / phenolic resins exist in separate phases in the cured film, and that the epoxy / phenolic resin constitutes the continuous phase.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330504
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leveling of thermosetting waterborne coatings. Part III: Leveling under controlled conditions (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1949-1954 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments on coated films of water borne, coatings (WBC) under controlled conditions (i.e., 25°C, 65% RH) were carried out to study the mechanism of leveling. Data in a companion paper imply that the development of the surface tension gradients plays an important role in promoting leveling. The stress due to surface tension gradients is found to be much greater than the stress introduced by hydrostatic pressure gradients in the film caused by surface tension and the free boundary curvature of the film. This reconfirms that the use of a co-solvent, which evaporates faster than water, greatly accelerates the leveling of a WBC.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352406
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leveling of thermosetting waterborne coatings. Part IV: Effects of film thickness (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1955-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of film thickness on the leveling of a thermosetting waterborne coating (WBC) was examined. The theory of Patton has been revised to give the proper force balance and modified to include the changes in surface tension and viscosity during leveling by the evaporation of volatile components. However, the predicted leveling process by a numerical method did not coincide with the observed results. Thus, the driving force in the theory, the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the film, was considered to be insufficient to describe the leveling process of the WBC. The hydrostatic pressure gradient can be a component of the driving force to promote leveling, but the existence of an additional component is suggested.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dilute solution properties of poly(allylammonium chloride) in aqueous sodium chloride solutions (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 186 (1985), S. 2547-2556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ten fractions of poly(allylammonium chloride) were investigated at 25°C in sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations, cs, by viscosity and light scattering techniques. The molecular weight (Mw)-intrinsic viscosity [η] relationships were established at four NaCl concentrations. The unperturbed dimensions estimated from the Stockmayer-Fixman plot are independent of cs. The second virial coefficient A2 and the excluded volume parameter B as well as [η] were found to be proportional to cS-1/2 and to have negative values in the limit of infinite cs. In addition, it was found that the electrostatic part of the expansion factor can be expressed in terms of a reduced parameter (Mw/cs)1/2 in a fairly wide range of Mw and cs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.021861216
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