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  • 1
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    Chapter Solution-Processed Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes as Ideal ITO Alternatives for Organic Solar Cells (2021)
    InTechOpen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The isolation of free-standing graphene in 2004 was the spark for a new scientific revolution in the field of optoelectronics. Due to its extraordinary optoelectronic and mechanical properties, graphene is the next wonder material that could act as an ideal low-cost alternative material for the effective replacement of the expensive conventional materials used in organic optoelectronic applications. Indeed, the enhanced electrical conductivity of graphene combined with its high transparency in visible and near-infrared spectra, enabled graphene to be an ideal low-cost indium tin oxide (ITO) alternative in organic solar cells (OSCs). The prospects and future research trend in graphene-based TCE are also discussed. On the other hand, solution-processed graphene combines the unique optoelectrical properties of graphene with large area deposition and flexible substrates making it compatible with printing and coating technologies, such as roll-to-roll, inkjet, gravure, and flexographic printing manufacturing methods. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent research progress in the application of solution-processed graphene-based films as transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) in OSCs. (a) Chemically converted graphene (CCG), (b) thermally and photochemically reduced graphene oxide, (c) composite reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes, and (d) reduced graphene oxide mesh films have demonstrated their applicability in OSCs as transparent, conductive electrodes.
    Keywords: organic solar cells, transparent electrodes, graphene, reduction ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRS Solid state chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Optoelectronic Nanodevices (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: During the last decade, novel graphene related materials (GRMs), perovskites, as well as metal oxides and other metal nanostructures have received the interest of the scientific community. Due to their extraordinary physical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties, which are correlated with their 2D ultrathin atomic layer structure, large interlayer distance, ease of functionalization, and bandgap tunability, these nanomaterials have been applied in the development or the improvement of innovative optoelectronic applications, as well as the expansion of theoretical studies and simulations in the fast-growing fields of energy (photovoltaics, energy storage, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, catalysis, etc.), electronics, photonics, spintronics, and sensing devices. The continuous nanostructure-based applications development has provided the ability to significantly improve existing products and to explore the design of materials and devices with novel functionalities. This book demonstrates some of the most recent trends and advances in the interdisciplinary field of optoelectronics. Most articles focus on light emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells (SCs), including organic, inorganic, and hybrid configurations, whereas the rest address photodetectors, transistors, and other well-known dynamic optoelectronic devices. In this context, this exceptional collection of articles is directed at a broad scientific audience of chemists, materials scientists, physicists, and engineers, with the goals of highlighting the potential of innovative optoelectronic applications incorporating nanostructures and inspiring their realization.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; graphene oxide ; textured silicon solar cells ; n/a ; high-efficiency ; CdTe microdots ; piezo-phototronic effect ; electromagnetically induced transparency effect ; waveguide photons ; light output power ; hole injection ; ternary organic solar cells ; UV LEDs ; cathodoluminescence ; V-pits ; quantum confinement effect ; nano-grating ; metamaterials ; Ga2O3 ; tunneling ; transmittance ; graphene ink ; perovskite solar cells ; counter electrode ; nucleation layer ; Ag film ; AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diode ; color-conversion efficiency ; PeLEDs ; photoelectric performance ; photocurrent ; charge transfer ; double-layer ITO ; green LED ; liquid crystals ; photovoltaics ; electrowetting ; oxidation ; Fowler–Nordheim ; field emission ; excitation wavelength ; functionalization ; quantum dots ; gold split-ring ; cascade effect ; erbium ; transparent conductive electrode ; compact ; plasmon resonance ; air-processed ; FDTD ; prism-structured sidewall ; sheet resistance ; GaN ; Ti porous film ; stability ; flip-chip mini-LED ; flexible substrate ; actively tunable nanodevices ; green LEDs ; metasurfaces ; antireflective coating (ARC) ; NiCo2S4 nanotubes ; InN/p-GaN heterojunction ; InGaN/GaN superlattice ; OAB ; graded indium composition ; plasmonics ; polymer composites ; photomultiplication ; cold cathode ; solvent ; solar cells ; controllable synthesis ; tunable absorbers ; interface ; graphene ; silicon transistor ; colorimetry ; light extraction ; reduced graphene oxide ; pinhole pattern ; indium nanoparticles (In NPs) ; graphene split-ring ; organic solar cell ; light-emitting diode ; organic ; plasmonic forward scattering ; smooth ; subwavelength metal grating ; perovskite ; photoluminescence ; mid infrared ; polarization analyzer ; transparent electrode ; external quantum efficiency ; LED ; light-emitting diodes ; photodetector ; p-type InGaN ; quantum efficiency ; 2D perovskite ; quantum dot ; orthogonal polarization ; current spreading ; localized surface plasmon ; Schottky barrier ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence des conditions hivernales sur les productions phyto- et zooplanctoniques en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale. II. Biomasse et production phytoplanctonique (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 23 (1973), S. 251-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. En mars, durant la mission Médiprod I du «Jean Charcot», les conditions hydrologiques sont caractérisées par un mélange vertical avec transport des sels nutritifs vers la couche euphotique. Entre cette zone de mélange et la bordure périphérique oligotrophe, on trouve une région où la présence simultanée de sels nutritifs et de stabilité crée des conditions favorables à une poussée planctonique. 2. En avril, la stabilisation par réchauffement permet une élévation générale des biomasses, particulièrement au large où le mélange vertical fut intense. 3. Les taux de production atteignent 2 gC·m-2. jour-1 et la chlorophylle a dépasse 3 mg·m-3. Ces valeurs élevées pour une région réputée oligotrophe sont pourtant conformes à la fertilité potentielle établie sur la teneur en sels nutritifs. 4. Des conditions de stabilité suffisantes pour le développement du phytoplancton sont crées soit par intrusion d'une eau riche en sels nutritifs dans un système oligotrophe stratifié («poussée hivernale»), soit par stratification thermique d'une eau de mélange («poussée printanière»). 5. Le long des côtes, la salinité faible empêche les mélanges; la situation est constamment oligotrophe. 6. Biomasse et production sont du même ordre de grandeur dans la région «provençale» et dans la région «Côte d'Azur» pourtant moins exposée aux conditions rigoureuses. Dans cette dernière zone, l'apport nutritif par intrusion d'eau intermédiaire joue un rôle important alors que le mélange vertical est à la base de la fertilisation dans la région provençale.
    Notes: Abstract Hydrological observations, and measurements of nutrient chemistry, plankton biomass, and production were carried out during the Médiprod I cruise of the R.V. “Jean-Charcot”. The March cruise was characterized by almost winter conditions, exhibiting strong vertical mixing of water masses in the offshore region and nutrient transport up to the photic zone. According to the working hypothesis, the strong vertically mixed area (e.g. Station 15) and the surrounding oligotrophic area are separated by an intermediate zone, where both nutrients and stability have produced phytoplankton-bloom conditions. During the April cruise, highest biomass and production rates were encountered everywhere in the offshore region, and especially in the previously mixed area of central divergence. Production was as high as 2 gC·m-2 day-1, and the standing crop of chlorophyll was 3 mg·m-3; such values are rather important for the so called “poor” Mediterranean Sea. Salinity-phosphate and chlorophyll-phosphate diagrams are presented. Biomass and production rates are in agreement with the potential fertility based on the nutrient content of the waters. The disappearance of 1 μatg P·PO4 by photosynthetic uptake corresponds to 7.7 mg chlorophyll a, which represents the autotrophic biomass remaining after grazing by the simultaneous zooplankton bloom. Biomass and production features are analyzed in regard to interaction of both nutrient availability and the stability of water masses. Stability conditions can be created either by intrusion of local mixing in a stratified oligotrophic area (“winter bloom”), or by thermal stratification of the upper layer (“spring bloom”). In the latter case, the highest biomasses are present in the zone where the nutrients were previously introduced by mixing. The oligotrophic situation remained constant during the two crunises in the surrounding coastal area, which is characterized by low-salinity water and, therefore, absence of vertical nutrient transport into the photic zone. Chlorophyll pigment concentration and photosynthetic rates in the “Cote d'Azur” region are similar to those in the “Provence” region; this situation may result more from upwelling of nutrient-rich intermediate water than from the mixing process which predominates in the latter region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389332
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production organique primaire dans un milieu saumâtre eutrophe (Etang de Berre). Effets d'une forte dilution (dérivation des eaux de la Durance) (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 35 (1976), S. 13-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 14C primary production measurements were made over a period of 5 years (1965–1969, inclusive) in the brackish lake “Etang de Berre”, near Marseilles (France). The diversion of the River Durance into the Etang de Berre took place during this period (March 1966) and introduced an important modification into the organic production ecosystem, mainly through increased and variable freshening, accompanied by substantial nutrient input. The seasonal distribution of production rates displayed 3 bloom periods: the first (short and slight) in spring, the second (the most important as regards intensity and duration) in summer, and the third in autumn (October). Before the diversion of the river in 1965, the carbon-uptake rates in the lake ranged between 25 mg/m2/day in winter and 800 mg/m2/day in summer-autumn, the mean value for the year being 150 g C/m2, which represents 2.5×104 tons of photosynthesized carbon for the whole lake. After the diversion, more than 3000 mg C/m2 day were measured; for 1968, the inclusive uptake rate was 384 g C/m2, representing 6×104 tons of synthesized carbon for the whole lake. Nevertheless, noticeable variations occurred from one year to another. From the annual nutrient input of phosphate to the Etang de Berre through the inflow of Durance waters, the quantity of potentially synthesizable elements has been calculated, in terms of carbon, according to the normal P:C ratio of organic substances; this quantity is called R. The difference between measured production, P, and R gives a measure of the “regenerated” production. This portion of production represented about 80% of the total production before 1968 but only 16% in 1969, a year of maximum fresh-water inflow. This phenomenon could be due to modifications of the ecophysiology of the phytoplankton resulting from the considerable freshening. With increasing nutrient load, eutrophication first occurs, then still greater dilution results in inhibition of production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386671
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  • 5
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    An extensive case study on the dispersion parameters of HI-assisted reduced graphene oxide and its graphene oxide precursor (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-9797
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-7103
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 6
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    A Novel Alternating Phenylenevinylene Copolymer with Perylene Bisimide Units: Synthesis, Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Photovoltaic Properties (2009)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-14
    Print ISSN: 1932-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1932-7455
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 7
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    Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 859: Inorganic and Hybrid Perovskite Based Laser Devices: A Review (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Inorganic and organic-inorganic (hybrid) perovskite semiconductor materials have attracted worldwide scientific attention and research effort as the new wonder semiconductor material in optoelectronics. Their excellent physical and electronic properties have been exploited to boost the solar cells efficiency beyond 23% and captivate their potential as competitors to the dominant silicon solar cells technology. However, the fundamental principles in Physics, dictate that an excellent direct band gap material for photovoltaic applications must be also an excellent light emitter candidate. This has been realized for the case of perovskite-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) but much less for the case of the respective laser devices. Here, the strides, exclusively in lasing, made since 2014 are presented for the first time. The solution processability, low temperature crystallization, formation of nearly defect free, nanostructures, the long range ambipolar transport, the direct energy band gap, the high spectral emission tunability over the entire visible spectrum and the almost 100% external luminescence efficiency show perovskite semiconductors’ potential to transform the nanophotonics sector. The operational principles, the various adopted material and laser configurations along the future challenges are reviewed and presented in this paper.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 8
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    Efficiency enhancement of organic photovoltaics by addition of carbon nanotubes into both active and hole transport layer (2012)
    American Institute of Physics
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-27
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 9
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    Organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices with surfactant-free Au nanoparticles embedded in the active layer (2012)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-21
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 2188: Building an Organic Solar Cell: Fundamental Procedures for Device Fabrication (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: This laboratory experiment is designed to train undergraduate students in the fundamental steps followed in engineering solution-processed organic solar cells and to offer insight on the operating principles of said device. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells represent a photovoltaic architecture which has attracted a lot of attention due to its promising properties; moreover, this architecture, due to its low cost and potential, is continuously being investigated and improved. This paper is intended as a useful step-by-step guide for students and researchers to learn how to construct such a device. Another primary objective of this article is to highlight the importance of optimizing device performance through enhancing the optical, electrical, and morphological properties of the materials selected as building blocks. Once a completed organic solar cell is made, students will also learn how to investigate and assess its performance through a series of spectroscopic, electrical, and morphological characterization measurements.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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