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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A preliminary experiment has been undertaken in May 1970 in the Rhone Valley in order to implant focuses ofEntomophthora aphidis Hoffm. andE. thaxteriana Petch. in colonies ofMyzus persicae Sulz. and to study the effect of sprinkling. The aim of the sprinkling is to provide the presence of a continuous film of water on the leaves of the trees during the delay (8 to 14 hours) required by the critical phase of the cycle of the pathogen (sporulation-infection). Four plots were considered: The check-plot without inoculum or sprinkling, a plot with inoculum but without sprinkling, a plot with sprinkling but without inoculum and the fourth plot with inoculum and sprinkling. By an extra infestation, an homogenous population has been established on the 6 trees of each plot. The inoculum consists partly in cultures of the fungous in Petri dishes, partly in dead aphids in the phase of projection of conidia. The failure of the experiment is attributed to the very quick destruction of the inoculum by sorching winds, to the working-failure of the sprinkling system and specially to the adversity of the climatic conditions during the last decade of May (no diurnal rains, high frequency of windy days). The epizootiology of Entomophthorales in orchards of the Rhone Valley is discussed at light of the frequence of the days with high relative humidity during more than 12 hours and that of the days with maximal temperatures exceeding 20°C.
    Notes: Résumé Un essai infructueux d'implantation de l'entomophthorose dans une population deMyzus persicae en verger de Pêcher a révélé les principales difficultés inhérentes à ce genre d'expérimentation écologique où l'apport d'inoculum est accompagné d'une tentative de modification du milieu par des aspersions contrôlées. L'épizootiologie de l'entomophthorose dans les vergers de la vallée du Rhône est discutée en fonction de la fréquence des jours pendant lesquels l'humidité relative demeure élevée pendant plus de 12 heures et la température maximale excède 20°C.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 18 (1973), S. 349-382 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of polyphagous Aphelinids, parasites of aphids, revealed the existence of host conditioning. The physiology and behaviour of the female is influenced by the aphid species on which it feeds: sexual maturation, fecundity (measured by number of aphids mummified by one female) and longevity are impaired when this species differs from the one from which the female hatched. When females are fed with honey and water, longevity decreases (is reduced by about 15 days). Nutritive elements accumulated during larval life are used and eggs are progressively resorbed. This condition is not irreversible: if such females are reared with aphids, mature eggs can be observed after two days. Fecundity and longevity are decreased when one female (Aphelinus asychis), hatched from an aphid species A, is reared on an aphid species B. In the F2 generation, the parasite is better adapted to the new host; in F3 fecundity may be comparable with that recorded in females reared on aphid host A. However, if F3 females hatched from species B mummies are now placed on aphid host A, the same kind of biological disturbances are observed as in the original transfer (A to B). After disproving the hypothesis of genetical selection of individuals adapted to the new host, the influence of nutrition on female physiology is demonstrated. This conditioning may be compared with that inAcrididae, attributable to a density factor, or that inNemeritis andDrosophila, to the odour of certain chemicals.
    Notes: Résumé L'incidence de la nutrition sur la biologie des Aphélinides est étudiéc et analysée sous ses différents aspects: maturation sexuelle, spécificité parasitaire (adaptation à un nouvel hôte) et longévité. Les faits observés sont rapprochés de certains phénomènes d'adaptation à des facteurs du milieu connus chez d'autres groupes d'insectes. D'importants travaux ont été effectués sur un Aphélinide monophage,Aphelinus mali Haldeman depuis son introduction en Europe en 1929 pour freiner les pullulations du puceron lanigèreEriosoma lanigerum Hausm. Ce n'est que depuis une quinzaine d'années que les chercheurs américains ont orienté leurs recherches vers un autre Aphélinide,Aphelinus asychis Walker (=semiflavus Howard), susceptible d'attaquer un grand nombre d'espèces d'Aphides-hôtes. Cependant, la polyphagie de ce parasite fut très peu étudiée et c'est seulement en 1970 queRaney etal.,Manglitz & Schalk déterminant la fécondité du parasite en présence de divers hôtes, ont observé des différences de fécondité qui les ont conduits à considérer que certains hôtes étaient préférés par le parasite.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The role of entomophthorosis in the dynamics of aphid populations infesting natural vegetation in northern littoral France (Basse-Normandie) and in northeastern continental France (Vosges) is compared. In Basse-Normandie, anholocyclic behavior of numerous aphid species contributes to the permanent presence of aphid populations and consequently, the persistence of mycosis. In the Vosges, severe winter, conditions result in holocyclic development whereby aphid colonies are present for only 6 to 7 months; during 1974 diseased specimens appeared when aphid populations were maximum, subsequent epizootic development caused a rapid decline of populations. In the 2 regions,Erynia neoaphidis Remaud. & Henn.,Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu,Neozygites fresenii (Nowak). Remaud. & Kell. andConidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaud. & Kell. are most common. The frequent occurrence ofZoophthora phalloides Batko in littoral Normandy contrasts with an apparent rarity in the Vosges.Conidiobolus osmodes Drechsler is occasionally encountered in Normandy, but is not found in the Vosges.E. neoaphidis andE. planchoniana are present throughout the year. The former is most abundant in the spring, the latter in the autumn.C. obscurus andZ. phalloides seem better adapted to cooler spring and fall conditions as their occurrence is exceedingly rare during the host summer period. In contrast,N. fresenii is found in the summer whileC. osmodes almost always occurs in the winter.Z. phalloides appears to prefer such asMyzus ascalonicus Donc. andTubaphis ranunculina Wlk.;E. planchoniana prefersCavariella spp. Dynamic profiles of the various pathogens of the most common aphids at different times of the year are given; ecological features of each pathogen are described; epizootics only occur in high aphid populations. All species act as good regulating factor and, with the exception ofN. fresenii, persist in very low aphid populations.
    Notes: Résumé Le rôle des Entomophthorales dans la dynamique des populations de pucerons infestant la végétation spontanée est comparé d'une part en zone littorale (Basse-Normandie) et d'autre part en zone continentale (Vosges). En Basse-Normandie, le comportement anholocyclique de nombreuses espèces de pucerons contribue à la permanence des populations aphidiennes et, en conséquence, à la persistance de la mycose. Dans les Vosges, en raison des dures conditions hivernales, les pucerons ont un développement holocyclique et leurs colonies se développent pendant 6 ou 7 mois seulement; en 1974, la mycose apparaît au moment du maximum de la population aphidienne et une situation épizootique détermine le rapide déclin des populations. Dans les 2 régions,Erynia neoaphidis Remaud. & Henn.,Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu,Neozygites fresenii (Nowak.) Remaud. & Kell. etConidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaud. & Kell sont les pathogènes les plus communs. La fréquence deZoophthora phalloides Batko sur le littoral normand contraste avec sa rareté dans les Vosges.Conidiobolus osmodes Drechsler, occasionnellement observé en Normandie, n'a jamais été rencontré dans les Vosges.E. neoaphidis etE. planchoniana sont présents toute l'année. La première espèce est plus abondante au printemps, la seconde en automne.C. obscurus etZ. phalloides semblent mieux adaptés aux conditions fraîches du printemps et de l'automne et sont très rarement rencontrés pendant la période chaude de l'été. En revanche,N. fresenii est trouvé surtout en été etC. osmodes presque exclusivement en hiver.Z. phalloides montre une préférence marquée pour des hôtes tels queMyzus ascalonicus Donc. etTubaphis ranunculina Wlk.;E. planchoniana attaque préférentiellement les espèces du genreCavariella. Les profils dynamiques des différents pathogènes des pucerons les plus communs sont donnés et les particularités écologiques de chaque pathogène sont précisées; les situation épizootiques se manifestent exclusivement en présence de populations aphidiennes de haut niveau. Toutes les espèces agissent comme de bons facteurs de régulation et, saufN. fresenii, sont capables de se maintenir aux dépens de populations aphidiennes très basses et clairsemées.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 14 (1969), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary New data on the pigmentation variability byA. chaonia Wlk. (Aphelinidae) under natural conditions are given. The provisional list of the 11 species ofAphelinidae collected in France till now includesAphelinus flavipes Foerster andA. varipes Foerster, two species not recorded before in this country; 26 new hosts are recorded as parasites of 6 species ofAphelinus. Field observations on several Aphelinids emphasize the importance of the high level of surrounding humidity to determine high parasitism rates.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur donne un nouvel exemple de variabilité de la pigmentation chez un Aphelinide. L'inventaire des Aphelinides de France est dressé; 26 hôtes nouveaux sont précisés. L'observation du comportement de plusieurs espèces d'Aphelinides dans la nature a révélé l'importance du facteur de l'humidité ambiante pour l'apparition de taux de parasitisme élevés.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Leaf or stem explants of a hybrid poplar clone (Populus tremula X Populus alba), sensitive to Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were co-cultivated either by an octopine or a nopaline disarmed A. tumefaciens modified strain. Transformed poplar shoots were readily regenerated from explants. The protocol was improved using the nopaline disarmed strain C58/pMP90 with the binary vector pBI121. This protocol was then used to test three other vectors. The first one, possessing a nptII gene fused to the CaMV 19S promoter, permitted regeneration of transformed shoots in presence of 50 to 100 mg/l kanamycin. The two other vectors carried an additional nptII gene under the control of the CaMV 35S or CaMV 35S promoter with a double enhancer sequence (CaMV 70). CaMV 70 promoter provided consistently higher level of gene expression than the other promoters in both callus and leaf tissues.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; crown gall ; poplar ; tree transformation ; wild cherry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Micropropagated shoots of three forest tree species, poplar (Populus tremula × P.alba), wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) and walnut (Juglans nigra × J. regia), were inoculated each with six different wild-typeAgrobacterium strains. Poplar and wild cherry developed tumors that grew hormone-independently, whereas on walnut, gall formation was weak. On poplar and wild cherry, tumors induced by nopaline strains developed spontaneously shoots that had a normal phenotype and did not carry oncogenic T-DNA. From these observations, we have established a co-inoculation method to transform plants, using poplar as an experimental model. The method is based on inoculation of stem internodes with anAgrobacterium suspension containing both an oncogenic strain that induces shoot differentiation and a disarmed strain that provides the suitable genes in a binary vector. We used the vector pBI121 carryingneo (kanamycin resistance) anduidA (β-glucuronidase) genes to facilitate early selection and screening. Poplar plants derived from kanamycin-resistant shoots that did not carry oncogenic T-DNA, were shown to contain and to expressneo anduidA genes. These results suggest that wild-typeAgrobacterium strains that induce shoot formation directly from tumors can be used as a general tool for gene transfer, avoiding difficult regeneration procedures.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1976-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0003-4312
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by EDP Sciences
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