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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton. II. Studies of the metabolic characteristics of starved animals (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 21 (1973), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Respiration and nitrogen-excretion studies were carried out on several species of zooplankton (Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Phronima sedentaria, Acartia clausi and Sagitta setosa) under starvation. Although all the species were mainly ammonotelic, apparently a significant amount of organic nitrogen was excreted; the validity of the measurements and their significance are discussed. The effect of duration of starvation showed for M. norvegica and A. clausi two different patterns of behaviour, which were chiefly a function of the rate of biomass turnover of the species studied. The rates of metabolism, chemical composition, and reaction to starvation varied with season in M. norvegica. The physiological balance of the experimental animals was examined by calculating the protein carbon equivalent to respiratory and excretory catabolism, and by use of atomic O:N ratios. Starved individuals catabolized more protein carbon than can be accounted for by the amount of respiratory oxygen utilized. A hypothesis, which suggests that there are three levels of resistance to starvation, is proposed to explain this paradox, and its metabolic basis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351188
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton. IV. The influence of starvation on the metabolism and the biochemical composition of some species (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 37 (1976), S. 47-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the respiration, ammonia excretion and biochemical composition were studied for three species of starving zooplankton (Calanus finmarchicus, Sagitta elegans, and Acartia clausi). Over the period of starvation, the respiration rate of all three species followed the same pattern of an initial decrease followed by a more or less constant level. A similar pattern was observed for the ammonia excretion rate of S. elegans and A. clausi, whereas C. finmarchicus excretion appeared to oscillate between high and low levels of protein catabolism. Study of the biochemical changes showed that C. finmarchicus consumed primarily lipids, and at times proteins, to meet its energy requirement whereas S. elegans and A. clausi primarily used protein. Variations in the elemental composition as well as the O:N ratio confirmed that C. finmarchicus alternated between periods of protein-dominant catabolism and lipid-dominant catabolism during starvation. No similar change in catabolism was observed in the two other species. The results are discussed in terms of physiological mechanisms of resistance to starvation and were used to calculate the energy budget of S. elegans and C. finmarchicus during the period of total starvation. The significance of such budgets is discussed and some of the sources of error examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386778
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration et excrétion azotée du zooplancton. I. Evaluation des niveaux métaboliques de quelques espèces de Méditerranée occidentale (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 19 (1973), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. L'étude de l'excrétion azotée chez différentes espèces du zooplancton de Méditerranée occidentale, l'amphipode Phronima sedentaria, le chaetognathe Sagitta setosa et les salpes Thalia democratica et Salpa fusiformis a permis de montrer que l'azote est excrétée principalement sous forme ammoniacale mais également — pour les 3 premières espèces — sous forme organique dans des proportions non négligeables. 2. Les niveaux de l'excrétion azotéc totale, de l'excrétion ammoniacale et de la respiration, mesurés simultanément, sont donnés pour ces espèces, après 12 h de jeune. On a étudié l'effet de la température sur le taux de métabolisme chez S. setosa et P. sedentaria; pour cette dernière la présence du tonneau n'affecte pas l'excrétion mais augmente significativement l'intensité respiratoire. 3. Les valeurs faibles des quotients oxygène absorbé: azote excrété obtenues sont caractéristiques d'un déséquilibre métabolique provoqué par le jeûne.
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous measurements of nitrogen excretion and respiration were carried out on several species of zooplancton: Phronima sedentaria (Amphipoda), Thalia democratica (Salpidae) Sagitta setosa (Chaetognatha), and Salpa fusiformis (Salpidae), which had been starved for 12 h prior to the experiments. The influence of temperature on both excretion and respiration was studied for P. sedentaria and Sagitta setosa. In P. sedentaria, the presence of its barrel affected the rate of the respiration but not that of nitrogen excretion. Very low atomic O:N ratios were recorded, which seemed to be due to metabolic disequilibrium induced by starvation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348899
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification of endo- and exolaminarinase and partial characterization of the exoacting form from the copepod acartia clausi (Giesbrecht, 1889)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 88 (1987), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(87)90087-3
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in lipid classes and trypsin activity during the early development of brook chair, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), fry (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fertilized eggs of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), (Nashua X Baldwin domestic strains) held for 86 days under laboratory conditions from eggs to fry were split into three groups: FWF2, FWF3 and SWF2. Breeders originated from the same broodstock, but rearing procedures were different; FWF2 and FWF3 were always kept in fresh water, whereas SWF2 had spent the previous summer in sea water. The SWF2 and FWF2 females were sexually mature before the FWF3 females. The feeding experiment started 16 weeks after fertilization. Juveniles were fed with the same commercial pellets at three different levels, a complete ration (R1) and two restricted rations, 50% and 25% of R1. Eggs and fry were analysed for size, dry weight, total lipids, lipid classes (polar lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides), soluble proteins and trypsic activity. Although dry weight, mean length, soluble protein and trypsic activities increased with food availability lipid changes showed a permanent use of the endogenous reserve. No lipid synthesis was detected in any developmental stage, even though exogenous food sources were used. When the 25% restricted ration was given, fry mortality increased. Unexpectedly fry survival tended to increase in individuals from small eggs. The data from this study showed that reserve distribution and its use can improve the resistance of fry hatching from small eggs and prompt better survival despite changes in the nutritional environment. The two factors related to the breeders, summer environmental rearing conditions and sexual maturation time, had significant effects on the response of progeny to feeding conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998.00950.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochimie-Generale et Medicale/Structurale, Metabolique, semiologique (Volumes 1 et 2) (in French) - by P Louisot. pp 184/264. SIMEP, Villeurbanne, France. 1980
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical Education 9 (1981), S. 114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0307-4412
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0307-4412(81)90234-X
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatio-temporal distribution of mesozooplankton in a sub-Antarctic coastal basin of the Kerguelen Archipelago (southern Indian Ocean) (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 581-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen surveys were performed fortnightly from January to December 1990 and covered a grid of 16 stations in the large Morbihan Bay at Kerguelen Island. Temperature and salinity were measured at four or five standard depths. Chlorophyll, carbon and nitrogen contents of surface water particulate matter were determined along with mesozooplanktonic biomass and abundance of copepods. The dominant species (90%) of mesozooplankton wasDrepanopus pectinatus, and two other taxa,Oithona spp. andCalanus simillimus, accounted for 8.6 and 0.4% respectively. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the influence of abiotic (temperature and salinity) and biotic factors (potential food supply) on the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods and, more specifically, on that of the growth stages ofD. pectinatus. No specific hydrological features were found. The distribution of copepods was fairly homogeneous in the whole bay while the quantitative changes were influenced by the seasonal rhythm. Only a slight trend of increasing values for the biotic or abiotic parameters and the neriticD. pectinatus was observed from the central to the inner back area of the bay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02329055
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gut evacuation rates of Antarctic copepods during austral spring (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 21 (1999), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results of gut evacuation experiments performed on Antarctic copepods during the austral spring are presented and discussed. Four species of large copepods commonly occurring in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean were studied: Calanus propinquus, Calanoides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Pleuromamma robusta. For each species two experiments were carried out, one in daytime and one in night-time, except for Calanoides acutus, which was only studied at night. P. robusta showed pigment gut retention in all experiments. The results showed that all species studied had a longer gut passage time than that previously recorded and that gut evacuation rate appears to decrease during daytime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050353
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatio-temporal distribution of mesozooplankton in a sub-Antarctic coastal basin of the Kerguelen Archipelago (southern Indian Ocean) (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 581-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen surveys were performed fortnightly from January to December 1990 and covered a grid of 16 stations in the large Morbihan Bay at Kerguelen Island. Temperature and salinity were measured at four or five standard depths. Chlorophyll, carbon and nitrogen contents of surface water particulate matter were determined along with mesozooplanktonic biomass and abundance of copepods. The dominant species (90%) of mesozooplankton was Drepanopus pectinatus, and two other taxa, Oithona spp. and Calanus simillimus, accounted for 8.6 and 0.4% respectively. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the influence of abiotic (temperature and salinity) and biotic factors (potential food supply) on the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods and, more specifically, on that of the growth stages of D. pectinatus. No specific hydrological features were found. The distribution of copepods was fairly homogeneous in the whole bay while the quantitative changes were influenced by the seasonal rhythm. Only a slight trend of increasing values for the biotic or abiotic parameters and the neritic D. pectinatus was observed from the central to the inner back area of the bay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050092
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition and community structure of pelagic copepods in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean during the end of the austral summer (1997)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1997), S. 418-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper describes latitudinal and vertical changes in the composition, abundance and diversity of copepods in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean, during the end of austral summer along a transect on 66°30′E between 43 and 62°S, within three layers (600–0, 200–0, 100–0 m). Highest copepod densities were noted in the central part of the transect, between the Antarctic Divergence and the Antarctic Convergence, with a maximum in the Antarctic Divergence zone, particularly in the upper levels of the water column. A total number of 80 copepod species were identified over the entire survey area. The south end and the central part of the transect comprised a small number of species. North of the Antarctic Convergence, this number increased markedly with the progressive disappearence of those species characteristic of Antarctic waters and their replacement by temperate and subtropical species. Generally, small copepods, particularly Oithona similis, Oithona frigida and Ctenocalanus citer, dominated in numbers in both Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. The contribution of large species to total copepod numbers was much lower, with Calanus simillimus in the central part of the transect, Pleuromamma borealis in the subtropical zone and Calanus propinquus in the southern part. Correspondence analysis showed a marked latitudinal gradient in population structure with four groups of samples and species corresponding to four latitudinal zones. Community structure (species richness, relative dominance index, evenness, Shannon species diversity index) and species abundance patterns (as rank-frequency diagrams) suggested that the maturity and species richness increased gradually from south to north. A low diversity index and evenness were observed in the area of the Antarctic Divergence, whereas the convergence zone showed high diversity and evenness. Conversely, the frontal zone showed high diversity and evenness. Distribution appeared unrelated to chlorophyll concentrations and on the large scale was related to the hydrologic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050136
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