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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate determination ; Neural induction ; Transcriptional repressor ; Compound eye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sevenless (sev) cascade plays an inductive role in formation of the R7 photoreceptor, whilst the pokkuri (pok) and tramtrack (ttk) gene products are known to repress R7 induction in developing ommatidia of Drosophila melanogaster. To elucidate how these positive and negative signalling mechanisms co-operate in the normal fate determination of R7, genetic interactions of mutations in the pok locus with ttk and downstream elements of sev including Gap1, raf1, rolled (r1) and seven in absentia (sina) were examined. The eye phenotype of a weak hypomorph, pok 15, was enhanced dominantly by Gap1-mip, a recessive mutation in a gene encoding a down-regulator of Ras1, producing multiple R7 in ommatidia. Ras1 has been reported to activate r1-encoded mitrogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase via Raf1 that is associated physically with Rasl. Ommatidia of raf1 c110 and rl 2/rlEMS64 typically lacked R7 and a few outer photoreceptors. The pok 1 mutation suppressed dominantly the rafl c110 rl2/rlEMS64 eye phenotypes, allowing single R7 cells to develop in ommatidia. The rafl c110 mutation improved adult viability of pok 1 homozygotes. An in vitro experiment demonstrated that MAP kinase phosphorylates Pok protein. Ttk is a transcriptional repressor which binds to the regulatory sequence upstream of the fushi-tarazu (ftz), even skipped (eve) and engrailed (en) coding region. A reduced activity in ttk resulted in enhancement of the pok phenotype. ttk mutations produced extra R7 cells even in sina homozygotes whilst the pok mutation did not. This result indicates that Ttk represses R7 induction downstream of the sites where Pok and Sina function.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 15-17 (Feb. 2006), p. 864-869 
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The creep deformations of γ-single phase Ni-20mass%Cr single crystals with stressaxes within standard stereographic triangle and at the three pole positions have been investigated.The most of the creep life is occupied by the transient stage, which consists of Stage I and Stage II.In Stage I, the creep rate just after loading remains constant. In Stage II, the creep rate decreasescontinuously. Except for the single crystals with stress axes of [001] and [1,–11] poles, the singlecrystals make the creep deformation using the primary slip plane of (111). As a result, the crosssection of the specimens turns from circular to elliptical in shape. However, there are markeddifference in deformation manner among single crystals with the stress axes within standardstereographic triangle. The single crystals whose angle between stress axis and primary slip planeof (111), θ. is more than 45° shows the heterogeneous deformation during creep. While, thehomogeneous deformation will be expected in the single crystals with θ less than 45°. In thisstudy, by using the four single crystals with θ less than 45°, the change in the stress axis with thecreep deformation at 1173K-29.4MPa, is investigated and the deformation manner due to theprimary slip plane of (111) is estimated by conducting the creep interrupting tests. In the twosingle crystals with stress axes in the standard stereographic triangle where the moving range of θ isnarrow, comparing to the others, the spot of the stress axis in the inverse pole figure moves for 〈1,–01〉 direction by using (111)〈1,–01〉 slip system, and after arriving at the [001]-[1,–11] line, thespot turns to its direction for [1,–11] pole using (111)〈1,–10〉 slip system. While, in the other twosingle crystals whose stress axes located in the area with wider moving range of θ, the spot of stressaxis only move for 〈1,–01〉 direction. And, the widely spread spot of the stress axis is confirmedafter subjecting the small strain
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 15-17 (Feb. 2006), p. 858-863 
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The superiority of creep in Ti-48at%Al alloy with fully transformed lamellar structure to that inTi-50at%Al alloy with γ single phase is characterized by the extension of transient stage. Thisextension of the transient stage derives by the retarding effect of α2 plate on the onset of theaccelerating stage, through suppressing the dynamically recrystallization which is the main reasonof the accelerating stage. This superiority in Ti-48at%Al alloy will become more clear byinvestigating the creep of the single crystal designated as the PST crystal, because of removing thegrain boundaries which is the formation site of dynamic recrystallization. By using the PST crystal,the predominant deformation using primary slip plane of γ plate will continue, because the α2 platerestricts the operation of other slip planes. In PST crystals with the angle between the stress axis andthe lamellar plates, designated as φ, less than 45°, the uniform deformation will proceed, because ofthe decrease in creep rate due to the decreasing in Schmid factor through the monotonous decreasein φ. But these suppositions have not confirmed.In this study, the deformation manner of the PST crystals with φ of less than 45° is investigatedby the analyzing of creep curve, macrostructure and inverse pole figure of the PST crystalsinterrupted the creep tests at 1148K/68.6MPa at the strains of 0.20 and 0.65. Inverse pole figures ofPST crystal are obtained using SEM-EBSD method. By accepting the creep deformation, the stressaxes of the PST crystals move for [001]-[1,–11] line with slip system of (111)〈1,–01〉, and afterreaching at this line, the stress axis turn to [1,–11] pole position with (111)〈1,–10〉 slip system. Thechange in stress axis is not homogeneous in gauge portion accepting small strain, by subjecting thefurther creep deformation up to the onset of the accelerating stage, this heterogeneous deformationin gauge portion disappeared
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 15-17 (Feb. 2006), p. 870-875 
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The features of the creep deformation of γ-single phase single crystals with thecomposition of Ni-20mass%Cr are characterized by the extended transient stage, which consists ofStage I and Stage II. In the Stage I, the creep rate just after loading remains unchanged, while thecreep rate decreases continuously in Stage II.In the single crystals except for the single crystals with the stress axis of [001] and [1,–11], thepredominant creep deformation using the primary slip plane continues. By this deformation, thecross section of specimen turns to elliptical in shape. However, in the single crystals with theangle between stress axis and primary slip plane (111) is more than 45°, the deformation using theprimary slip plane does not continue, as a result, the duration of Stage II turn to shorter one. Thesingle crystal with the stress axis of [011] has the largest angle of 55°.In this study, the deformation manner during transient stage of single crystal with the stress axisof [011] orientation is investigated from the two viewpoints. The first one is to clarify the changein deformation manner with decreasing the stress. As a result, with decreasing the stress, the StageI become clear and strain during Stage I and Stage II become small, furthermore, the decreasingratio of creep rate with definite strain becomes larger. While, the second viewpoint is toinvestigate the change in crystallographic orientation of the [011] single crystals with creepdeformation using the inverse pole figure obtained by the EBSD method. As a result, at the stressof 29.4 MPa, the spot of stress axis turns from the [011]-[1,–11] line to the 〈1,–01〉 direction.While, at the stress of 19.6 MPa, the stress axis moves for the [1,–11] pole along the [011]-[1,–11]line from the [011] pole. And, it is noteworthy that the spot widely spread from the [011] poleduring transient stage. This indicates the large distortion in the primary slip plane and theevidence of heterogeneous deformation
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The phase equilibria among α-Fe, γ-Fe and Fe2Ti phases in Fe-Ti-Ni ternary system at1473 K and 1373 K with Ni (γ former element) addition were examined, by paying attention to theγ+Fe2Ti two-phase region. The Fe2Ti single-phase region extends toward the equal-titaniumconcentration direction up to about 30 at% Ni, and the Laves phase becomes in equilibrium withγ-Fe by 12 at% Ni addition, but the γ+Fe2Ti two-phase region is limited because of the formation ofliquid phase by further Ni addition at 1473 K. With decreasing temperature, a ternary eutecticreaction (L→γ-Fe+Fe2Ti+Ni3Ti) occurs, making the two-phase region wider just below theinvariant reaction at 1373 K, and the region becomes narrower again by the enlargement of thethree-phases region toward Fe-rich side
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 539-543 (Mar. 2007), p. 3024-3029 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It has been elucidated that the small creep strain must be essential to form the rafted γ/γ'structure using a single crystal nickel-based superalloy, CMSX-4. To confirm the amount of thestrain required to make rafting, the single crystals interrupted the creep tests up to a strain of 0.01 at1273K-250MPa was aged at 1273K without stress. To compare the difference in the morphology ofthe γ/γ' structure of the as-heat treated and the creep-interrupted single crystal with the simple aging,the as-heat treated single crystal was also aged. Microstructural observations by SEM wereconducted for the specimens sectioned parallel to (100). The cuboidal γ' precipitates of the as-heattreated single crystal connected each other with three 〈100〉 directions after the simple aging. Byemploying the aging without stress on the specimen interrupted the creep test at a strain of 0.0074,the drastic morphological change in the γ/γ' structure was confirmed, that is, the γ/γ' structurechanged to rafted one perpendicular to the creep-interrupted stress axis. The aspect ratios of thecreep-interrupted specimens increased with increasing simple aging time, and attained to themaximum value at the simple aging time of 3.60x106s. The maximum value of the aspect ratiosincrease with increasing creep-interrupted strain and attained 4 at a strain of 0.0074. The dislocationdensity at the γ/γ' interface increases with increasing creep strain. Consequently, the formation ofthe rafted γ/γ' structure requires the dislocation substructure induced by the creep strain
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 539-543 (Mar. 2007), p. 3030-3035 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Through the analysis of many creep rate-strain curves of γ-single phase Ni-20mass%Cralloy single crystals with various stress axes, it has been elucidated that the ratio of transient stageto rupture life becomes larger with decreasing the stress. And the transient stage consists of StageI and Stage II. In Stage I, the creep rate just after loading remains constant, and in Stage II, a steepdecrease in creep rate continues. It is noticeable that there is a marked difference in transient stageamong single crystals with different stress axes. The aim of this study is to elucidate themechanisms leading to the different transient stages as the function of stress axes. Thedeformation during transient stage in the single crystals except for the single crystals with the stressaxes of the [001] and [1,–11] poles in the standard stereographic triangle, proceeds using theprimary slip plane. And they are divided into two groups of the single crystals with the anglebetween stress axis and primary slip plane, θ, less than 45° and the single crystals with θ more than45°. The deformations of Stage I and Stage II in these single crystals proceed using the slipsystem of (111)〈1,–01〉 and the slip system of (111)〈1,–10〉, and in Stage I, the former slip systemacts mainly except for that of single crystals with stress axis of [011]. While, in the single crystalwith stress axis of [011], two slip systems above described operate at the beginning of Stage I, andthe stress axis moves along [011]-[1,–11] line. And this moving gives slight increase in theSchmid factor, therefore, in Stage I slight increase in creep rate was confirmed. The {111} polefigure of the single crystal with stress axis of [1,–11] whose deformation proceeds using the pluralslip planes are obtained by SEM-EBSD method. It becomes clear that the smallest strains of StageI and Stage II derived from the increase in the torsion with creep deformation
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 539-543 (Mar. 2007), p. 3100-3105 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) specific bacterial lectin-like substance from Eikenella corrodens 1073 (EcLS) was found to have potent mitogenic activity when cultured with splenocytes from BALB/c mice. The results indicated that B lymphocytes are the major cell type responding to EcLS. The mitogenic activity of EcLS was dose-dependent, and the optimal concentration was around 5 μg/ml. The mitogenic activity did not appear to be due to a bacterial endotoxin, as GalNAc inhibited the mitogenic activity of EcLS, but did not inhibit the activity of lipopolysaccharide isolated from E. corrodens. EcLS stimulated murine B lymphocytes not only to proliferate, but also to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, as demonstrated by the production of immunoglobulin by B lymphocytes stimulated with EcLS. These findings suggest that EcLS is a novel lectin that not only induces B lymphocyte proliferation, but also differentiation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 426-432 (Aug. 2003), p. 803-808 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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