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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the role of the binocular vision in mantids to estimate long distances, using the deimatic reaction as experimental situation (1970)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 68 (1970), S. 72-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Deimatic reactions (DR's) of the mantid Stagmatoptera biocellata were elicited by birds (shiny cow-birds and Java sparrows) placed at six different distances. A special set-up was used for successive presentations (Fig. 2). The relationship between the bird-mantid distance, on the one hand, and the occurrence and strength of the DR, on the other hand, was demonstrated (Fig. 3). Normal mantids faced with shiny cow-birds presented a distance-DR's curve similar to that of the normal mantids faced with Java sparrows. Monocular mantids, i.e. mantids whose left eyes were blinded, presented very different distance-DR's curves according to the species of bird they faced (Fig. 3). A graphic method (Figs. 4, 5) revealed that monocular mantids faced with Java sparrows at the shortest distance performed the same as those faced with shiny cow-birds at 30 cm; with Java sparrows at 15 cm as with shiny cow-birds at 45 cm; and so on. A method was designed to determine the absolute size of the image casted by both birds at the six different distances (Fig. 10). A clear-cut correspondence was found between distances at which a similar performance was evoked and distances at which images of similar size were projected. The conclusion was that a mantid deprived of its binocular vision can recognize shapes (i.e. predators) and respond with a DR, but it reacts only in accordance with the absolute size of the image, i.e. without distance estimation. 2. Results showed a response decrement with trials (Figs. 8–10) suggesting that an habituation process is involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297813
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habituation and associative learning during exploratory behavior of the crab Chasmagnathus (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 749-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Habituation ; Exploratory behavior ; Appetitive learning ; Instrumental conditioning ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chasmagnathus crabs placed in a choice-chamber device (a dark compartment, DC, and a light one, LC, of identical size separated by a central partition with a sliding door) display an exploratory activity that declines over time (training session). Such decrement persists at the testing session, 24 h later, and meets the criterion of stimulus specificity, so that it is accounted for in terms of a long-term habituation. Alternative explanations involving far-reaching effects of handling, change of context or isolation during the training session, are excluded. If animals are allowed to find food in LC during training, no decrease in the exploratory activity is shown and the enhanced effect on exploring is retained for at least 24 h. This result is interpreted as an instance of associative learning, appetitively motivated. Performances are analysed measuring the latencies to pass from DC to LC, so that crabs given food in training show in testing shorter latencies than controls. In addition, unlike controls, trained crabs often display at testing a feeding behavior despite the absence of food or odor of food in the choice-chamber. The possible use of both exploratory habituation and appetitive learning in studies on memory modulation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198986
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of morphine and naloxone on a defensive response of the mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 147 (1982), S. 455-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mantis shrimpSquilla mantis responds to an electrical shock with a quick and violent flexure of its body (Fig. 1 and 2). The reaction time of this defensive response was measured for each experimental shrimp and the minimal current that elicited a reaction time equal to or lesser than 0.22 s was considered as its intensity threshold (Fig. 3). Different doses of morphine-HCl were injected and results showed that this drug produces a dose-related analgesia by increasing the intensity threshold. A concentration of morphine equal to 30.0 μg/mm of animal length (about 91.0 μg/g) causes a 50% inhibition in the sensitivity to the electrical stimulus, but the effect is fully blocked by naloxone (Table 2). The present study represents the first behavioral analysis of opiate effects in invertebrates. However, the effective dose reported in this experiment is far greater than that used with vertebrates. Some speculative arguments are mentioned in order to account for a such large difference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The deimatic reaction in the praying mantis Stagmatoptera biocellata (1970)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 68 (1970), S. 60-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When the mantid Stagmatoptera biocellata is shown a foe, the insect displays a characteristic response called the deimatic reaction (DR) (Fig. 1). A systematic study of the response is presented in this paper. 1. The full display is an assembly of seven independent and very stereotyped components. The lesser the strength of the reaction, the smaller the number of components. They disappear in a stereotyped order. 2. The occurrence of the DR proved to be highly predictable using birds as releasers (i.e. troupials, shiny cow-birds, Java sparrow and canarys). But the DR was also induced by the back projection of real or filmed shiny cow-birds silhouettes. Only a film taken and projected at 100 frames a second induced a DR as a “real” stimulus. 3. A DR is immediately induced by a bird presented for 2 minutes. The response duration exceedes the presentation interval. The leftover time ranged from few seconds to 45 minutes. When the insect and the predator were faced for long time, the DR was displayed as long as the stimulus was shown and a response that lasted 6 hours was recorded. Some conclusions were deduced from testing crude interferences in the nervous system (Fig. 3). Namely, that the DR can be elicited either by visual and tactile stimuli, and that the movements involved in the display are not coordinated with each other in a closed-circuit system. This finding is discussed in connection with an hypothesis put forward by Vowles (1961). 4. The survival value of the DR is analyzed and the paper concludes, unlike previous reports, that the over-all effect of the display is to frighten the foe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297812
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habituation in the crabChasmagnathus granulatus: effect of morphine and naloxone (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1988), S. 687-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The escape response decrement shown by the crabChasmagnathus granulatus as a consequence of repeated shadow presentation, meets five of the seven tested parametric criteria of habituation. Results concerning stimulus generalization and dishabituation strongly suggest that neither motor fatigue nor sensory adaptation can account for the response waning. The effects of morphine and naloxone on performance were also studied. Neither 50 nor 5 μg morphine/g exerted any modulatory effect on memory retention. A dose of 50 μg morphine/g produced an anterograde detrimental effect on responsiveness but no long-term training effects could be detected after the drug's period of action. A dose of naloxone of 1.6 μg/g did not antagonize the effect of morphine. The potential value of the response habituation as a model for studying both habituation dynamics and the mechanisms that subserve it, and also for elucidating the effects of opiates on this memory process, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01342643
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of electroconvulsive shock on memory in Octopus vulgaris Lamarck (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 59 (1968), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effect of ECS on memory retention was studied in Octopus vulgaris. Two methods of training were used. 1. Animals trained in a shuttle-box to swim from a dark to a light compartment and to remain there during 25 sec to avoid electroshock, were given 20 learning trials on Day 1 and 10 retention trials 3 days later. No improvement in the performance occurred concerning anticipatory runs to the light compartment but a significant decrease in the number of returns to the dark compartment (incorrect crossings) during Day 1 was recorded. ECS within 1 min after trial 20 caused significant deficits in retention. 2. Animals that previously had been learnt to attack a vertical rectangle moved up and down, were given 30 trials during which if octopuses attacked the shape they would now receive a shock. 15 retention trials were run 2 days later. ECS within 1 min after trial 30 caused significant deficit in retention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298809
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  • 7
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    Glycogen Synthase in Sertoli Cells: More than Glycogenesis? (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-29
    Description: Sertoli cell metabolism actively maintains the nutritional needs of germ cells. It has been described that after glucose incorporation in Sertoli cells, less than 1% is converted to glycogen suggesting low levels of glycogen synthase activity. Phosphorylation of muscle glycogen synthase (MGS) at serine 640 (pS640MGS) decreases its activity, and this form of the enzyme was discovered as a non-ribosomal protein that modulates the translation of a subset of transcripts in HeLa cells. The aim of our study was to functionally characterize MGS in cultured Sertoli cells, as well as to explore this new feature related to RNA molecules. We detected MGS in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells as well as in the nuclei. The activity rates of the enzyme were extremely low indicating that MGS is expressed but almost inactive. Protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) overexpression was performed to activate MGS by dephosphorylation. PTG induced glycogen synthesis massively, confirming that this enzyme is present but inactive. This finding correlates with high levels of pS640MGS, which were assayed by phosphatase treatment. To explore a putative new function for MGS in Sertoli cells, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray studies. The results revealed that MGS co-immunoprecipitated with the several mRNAs and also rRNAs. These findings indicate that MGS is expressed Sertoli cells but in an inactive form, and also support a possibly novel feature of this metabolic enzyme associated to RNA related molecules. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts (2017)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-09
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 9
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    Muscle glycogen synthase isoform is responsible for testicular glycogen synthesis: Glycogen overproduction induces apoptosis in male germ cells (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-06
    Description: Glycogen is the main source of glucose for many biological events. However, this molecule may have other functions, including those that have deleterious effects on cells. The rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis is glycogen synthase (GS). It is encoded by two genes, GYS1 , expressed in muscle (muscle glycogen synthase, MGS) and other tissues, and GYS2 , primarily expressed in liver (liver glycogen synthase, LGS). Expression of GS and its activity have been widely studied in many tissues. To date, it is not clear which GS isoform is responsible for glycogen synthesis and the role of glycogen in testis. Using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, we have detected expression of MGS but not LGS in mice testis during development. We have also evaluated GS activity and glycogen storage at different days after birth and we show that both GS activity and levels of glycogen are higher during the first days of development. Using RT-PCR, we have also shown that malin and laforin are expressed in testis, key enzymes for regulation of GS activity. These proteins form an active complex that regulates MGS by poly-ubiquitination in both Sertoli cell and male germ cell lines. In addition, PTG overexpression in male germ cell line triggered apoptosis by caspase3 activation, proposing a proapoptotic role of glycogen in testis. These findings suggest that GS activity and glycogen synthesis in testis could be regulated and a disruption of this process may be responsible for the apoptosis and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and possible cause of infertility. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    SorLA in Glia: Shared Subcellular Distribution Patterns with Caveolin-1 (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Print ISSN: 0272-4340
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-6830
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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