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  • 1
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    Entropic evidence for linguistic structure in the Indus script (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: The script of the ancient Indus civilization remains undeciphered. The hypothesis that the script encodes language has recently been questioned. Here, we present evidence for the linguistic hypothesis by showing that the script's conditional entropy is closer to those of natural languages than various types of nonlinguistic systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rao, Rajesh P N -- Yadav, Nisha -- Vahia, Mayank N -- Joglekar, Hrishikesh -- Adhikari, R -- Mahadevan, Iravatham -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1165. doi: 10.1126/science.1170391. Epub 2009 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. rao@cs.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19389998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; India ; Language ; Linguistics/*history ; Pakistan ; Programming Languages ; Writing/*history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Origin of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32188.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weakly interacting massive particles and solar oscillations (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 321 (1986), S. 226-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The main effects of WIMPs on solar models are as follows2. By virtue of their long mean-free-paths, WIMPs transport energy readily, and tend to produce an isothermal core. We emphasize that this is a consequence of the changed energy transport, and occurs without any mixing of the conventional ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321226a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy and nuclear charge dependence of abundance enhancements of solar cosmic ray heavy ions in three large solar events (1983)
    Springer
    Solar physics 89 (1983), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The differential flux and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray heavy ions of He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe were determined in the energy interval E = 3–30 MeV amu-1 for two large solar events of January 24, 1971 and September 1, 1971 in rocket flights made from Ft. Churchill. From these data the relative abundances and the abundance enhancement factors, ξ, relative to photospheric abundances were obtained for these elements. Similar results were obtained for a third event on August 4, 1972 from the available published data. Characteristic features of ξ vs nuclear charge dependences were deduced for five energy intervals. The energy dependence of ξ for He shows a moderate change by a factor of about 3, whereas for Fe, ξ shows a very dramatic decrease by a factor of 10–20 with increasing energy. It is inferred that these abundance enhancements of solar cosmic ray heavy ions at low energies seem to be related to their ionization states (Z *) and hence studies of Z * can give information on the important parameters such as temperature and density in the accelerating region in the Sun.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211960
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between X-ray luminosity and the deviations from the main-sequence colour-diagram for stellar X-ray sources (1984)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 105 (1984), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the variations in the X-ray luminosity with deviation from Main-Sequence colour diagram for stellar X-ray sources. It is observed that the early- and late-type stars follow two different patterns. We believe that the anomalies seen in this pattern are related to the interaction of the stars with their neighbourhood and propose that such regions should contribute to the composition of interstellar particles and to low energy cosmic rays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651082
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the stellar origin of gamma ray bursts (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 231 (1995), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: GRB ; flares on Stars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that our original suggestion that gamma-ray bursts (GRB) may be flares on Magnetically Active Stellar Systems (MASS) namely flare stars, RS CVn binaries and Cataclysmic variables agrees well with the new observations of CGRO. We make a multi component fit to the log(N) - log(S) distribution and the high degree of isotropy as observed by the previous generation of satellites as well as BATSE/CGRO using the second BATSE catalogue. We then discuss individual source association and optical transient observations and show that they favor the present suggestion. We discuss the physical mechanisms and gamma-ray production processes that can occur on such systems giving the GRB their characteristics. We predict increase of anisotropy in the BATSE/CGRO observations for bright GRB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00658663
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundance enhancements of silicon to iron in solar energetic particles and their implications (1988)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 149 (1988), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Differential energy spectra of low abundant elements between silicon and iron of energetic solar particles (SEP) in the August 4, 1972 event were measured in the energy region of 10 to 40 MeV amu−1 using rocket-borne Lexan detectors. The relative abundances of elements were determined and abundance enhancements, i.e., SEP/photospheric ratios, and their energy dependence were derived in 10–40 MeV amu−1 interval. It is found that there are four types of abundance enhancements as a function of energy as follows: (a) silicon, iron, and calcium show fairly strong energy dependence which decreases with increasing energy and at 20–40 MeV amu−1 reaches photospheric values; (b) in case of sulphur enhancement factors are independent of energy and the values are close to unity; (c) argon shows energy independent enhancements of about 3 to 4 in 10–40 MeV amu−1; (d) titanium and chromium show weakly energy-dependent, but very high abundance enhancement factor of about 10 to 40. These features are to be understood in terms of the atomic properties of these elements and on the physical conditions in the accelerating region. These are important not only for solar phenomena but also to gain insight into the abundance enhancements of cosmic-ray heavy nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00639794
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ionization state of oxygen ions in anomalous cosmic rays: Results from the ANURADHA experiment in Spacelab-3 (1988)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 149 (1988), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report the first results on the determination of the ionization states of oxygen ions in the anomalous cosmic rays (ACR) from the measurements of their flux in the cosmic-ray experiment in Spacelab-3 (SL-3) mission of NASA flown at 350 km altitude during 29 April–6 May, 1985. The detectors used were specially prepared CR-39 plastics of very high sensitivity for recording tracks of ions withZ〉2. The measured orbit averaged flux of ACR oxygen is (2.9±1.3)×10−4 particles m−2sr−1s−1 (MeV N−1) at an energy of 23 MeV N−1. We made an independent estimate of the expected ACR oxygen flux at SL-3 orbit from interplanetary data and compared this with the measured flux to infer the ionization states of ACR oxygen ions. The flux and energy spectra of ACR oxygen at 1 AU outside the magnetosphere is obtained from the data of Voyager-2, during the same epoch as the SL-3 flight, and using the measured radial intensity gradient of 15%/AU for ACR oxygen between 1–17 AU. We calculate the geomagnetic transmission factors for ACR oxygen ions of charge states O+1, O+2, etc., from the known cut-off rigidities in the world grid and using the SL-3 trajectories for 116 orbits in the 6-day mission to obtain the expected flux at SL-3 for different charge states. When these flux values are compared with our measured flux, the averge ionization state of ACR oxygen ions in the energy interval of 20–26 MeV N−1 is obtained as O+1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00639803
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of stellar coronal activity with age (1988)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 143 (1988), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the variation in coronal activity of late-type stars with age. We determine the age of the star from the colour-colour diagram (U-B vsB-V). We show that the ratio of X-ray luminosity (L x) to bolometric luminosity (L bol) is well correlated with age over several orders of magnitude variations. We find thatL x/L bol) decreases with age with a power of −1.55. This is consistant with the expected results from the studies of the variation of the corona with chromosphere and the dependence of chromosophere on age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636769
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  • 10
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    A Markov model of the Indus script (2009)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-05
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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