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Caffeine in floral nectar enhances a pollinator's memory of reward (2013)

G. A. Wright ; D. D. Baker ; M. J. Palmer ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 339(6124): 1202-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1228806.

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Publication Date: 2013-03-09

Description: Plant defense compounds occur in floral nectar, but their ecological role is not well understood. We provide evidence that plant compounds pharmacologically alter pollinator behavior by enhancing their memory of reward. Honeybees rewarded with caffeine, which occurs naturally in nectar of Coffea and Citrus species, were three times as likely to remember a learned floral scent as were honeybees rewarded with sucrose alone. Caffeine potentiated responses of mushroom body neurons involved in olfactory learning and memory by acting as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Caffeine concentrations in nectar did not exceed the bees' bitter taste threshold, implying that pollinators impose selection for nectar that is pharmacologically active but not repellent. By using a drug to enhance memories of reward, plants secure pollinator fidelity and improve reproductive success.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521368/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉 〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521368/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, G A -- Baker, D D -- Palmer, M J -- Stabler, D -- Mustard, J A -- Power, E F -- Borland, A M -- Stevenson, P C -- 094894/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/1000313/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I000968/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1202-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1228806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. jeri.wright@ncl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*drug effects/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Caffeine/analysis/*pharmacology ; Citrus/chemistry/*physiology ; Coffea/chemistry/*physiology ; Flowers/chemistry/physiology ; Memory/*drug effects ; Mushroom Bodies/drug effects/physiology ; Plant Nectar/chemistry/*physiology ; Pollination/*drug effects/physiology ; Reward ; Taste/drug effects

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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SCIENCE GOVERNANCE. A more systematic approach to biological risk (2015)

M. J. Palmer ; F. Fukuyama ; D. A. Relman

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 350(6267): 1471-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8849.

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Publication Date: 2015-12-19

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Megan J -- Fukuyama, Francis -- Relman, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1471-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8849.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, and Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. relman@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Biohazard Release/*prevention & control ; Biological Science Disciplines/*trends ; Biomedical Technology/*trends ; Humans ; Risk ; Safety ; Safety Management/*methods ; Security Measures ; United States

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Ground Temperatures and Permafrost Warming from Forest to Tundra, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands and Anderson Plain, NWT, Canada (2017)

S. V. Kokelj, M. J. Palmer, T. C. Lantz, C. R. Burn

Wiley

In: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes

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Publication Date: 2017-03-25

Description: Annual mean ground temperatures ( T g ) decline northward from approximately −3.0°C in the boreal forest to −7.0°C in dwarf-shrub tundra in the Tuktoyuktuk Coastlands and Anderson Plain, NWT, Canada. The latitudinal decrease in T g from forest to tundra is accompanied by an increase in the range of values measured in the central, tall-shrub tundra zone. Field measurements from 124 sites across this ecotone indicate that in undisturbed terrain T g may approach 0°C in the forest and −4°C in dwarf-shrub tundra. The greatest range of local variation in T g (~7°C) was observed in the tall-shrub transition zone. Undisturbed terrain units with relatively high T g include riparian areas and slopes with drifting snow, saturated soils in polygonal peatlands and areas near lakes. Across the region, the warmest permafrost is associated with disturbances such as thaw slumps, drained lakes, areas burned by wildfires, drilling-mud sumps and roadsides. Soil saturation following terrain subsidence may increase the latent heat content of the active layer, while increases in snow depth decrease the rate of ground heat loss in autumn and winter. Such disturbances increase freezeback duration and reduce the period of conductive ground cooling, resulting in higher T g and, in some cases, permafrost thaw. The field measurements reported here confirm that minimum T g values in the uppermost 10 m of permafrost have increased by ~2°C since the 1970s. The widespread occurrence of T g above −3°C indicates warm permafrost exists in disturbed and undisturbed settings across the transition from forest to tundra. Copyright © 2017 Government of the Northwest Territories. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Northwest Territories Geological Survey

Print ISSN: 1045-6740

Electronic ISSN: 1099-1530

Topics: Geography , Geosciences

Published by Wiley

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Effective mobilities in pseudomorphic Si/SiGe/Si p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with thin silicon capping layers (2001)

Palmer, M. J. ; Braithwaite, G. ; Grasby, T. J. ; [et al.]

Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 1424-1426

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ISSN: 1077-3118

Source: AIP Digital Archive

Topics: Physics

Notes: The room-temperature effective mobilities of pseudomorphic Si/Si0.64Ge0.36/Si p-metal-oxidesemiconductor field effect transistors are reported. The peak mobility in the buried SiGe channel increases with silicon cap thickness. It is argued that SiO2/Si interface roughness is a major source of scattering in these devices, which is attenuated for thicker silicon caps. It is also suggested that segregated Ge in the silicon cap interferes with the oxidation process, leading to increased SiO2/Si interface roughness in the case of thin silicon caps. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1354662

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Electronic Resource

Histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16 and proteins of theDrosophila dosage compensation pathway co-localize on the male X chromosome through mitosis (1994)

Lavender, J. S. ; Birley, A. J. ; Palmer, M. J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Chromosome research 2 (1994), S. 398-404

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ISSN: 1573-6849

Keywords: dosage compensation ; Drosophila ; histone acetylation ; nuclear domains

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In the fruit flyDrosophila, dosage compensation involves several proteins acting in concert to double the transcriptional activity of genes on the single male X chromosome. Three of these proteins, MLE, MSL-1 and histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16 (H4Ac16), have recently been shown to be located almost exclusively on the male X chromosome in interphase (polytene) cells. We show here that in neuroblasts from third instarDrosophila larvae antisera to H4Ac16, MLE and MSL-1 uniquely label the distal, euchromatic region of the male X chromosome through mitosis. The centromere-proximal, heterochromatic region of the male X is not labelled with these antisera, nor are male autosomes or any chromosomes in female cells. That the association of H4Ac16 with the male X chromosome persists, even when the chromosome is maximally compacted and transcriptionally quiescent, argues that this modified histone is an integral component of the dosage compensation pathway. In the nuclei of interphase neuroblasts from male (but never female) larvae, antibodies to H4Ac16 revealed a small, brightly labelled patch against a background of generally weak nuclear staining. In double-labelling experiments, this patch was also labelled, albeit comparatively weakly, with antibodies to MSL-1. These results strongly suggest that the distal, euchromatic region of the X chromosome in male cells occupies a limited and relatively compact nuclear domain.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552799

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Competition between the bush fly and a dung beetle in dung of differing characteristics (1986)

Ridsdill-Smith, T. J. ; Hayles, L. ; Palmer, M. J.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 83-90

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Musca vetustissima ; Onthophagus binodis ; Scarabaeinae ; Muscidae ; spring ; summer ; interspecific ; intraspecific ; densities

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des oeufs de mouches de brousse (Musca vetustissima) et des bousiers adultes (Onthophagus binodis) ont été dépos'es à différentes densités sur de la bouse de printemps, riche en nutriments, ou d'été, paure, au laboratoire à 25°C. Les compétitions intra- et interspécifiques ont été plus intenses pour les mouches sur la bouse d/été, et pour les bousiers sur la bouse de printemps. Dans les bouses d'été, la taille des mouches et leur survie ont été influencées à la fois par la densité des bousiers et par celle des mouches. Les mouches élevées sur bouses d'été étaient plus petites, et une corrélation entre la taille et le taux de survie a été observée pour des mouches dont la largeur de la tête était inférieure à environ 2,00 mm. La mortalité était due probablement en grande partie à la mort des larves. Les bousiers n'ont construit que très peu de boules d'excrêments et déchiquetaient la bouse, surtout quand leur densité était élevée. Dans la bouse de printemps, la production de boules d'excrêment a été réduite tant par les densités de bousiers que de celles de mouches. La survie des mouches a été influencée par la densité de bousiers, moins cependent que dans les bouses d'été, mais pas par celle des mouches. La mortalité était due probablement à la mort des oeufs.

Notes: Abstract A range of densities of bush fly (Musca vetustissima) eggs and dung beetle (Onthophagus binodis) adults were placed on either nutritious spring or poor summer dung in the laboratory at 25°C. Intra- and interspecific competition were greater for flies in summer dung than in spring dung, and intra-and interspecific competition were greater for dung beetles in spring dung than in summer dung. In summer dung fly size and survival were influenced by both beetle and fly densities. Flies in summer dung were smaller, and below a headwidth of about 2.0 mm there was a correlation between size and survival. Mortality was probably due largely to death of larvae. Also beetles produced very few brood balls, and shredded this dung, particularly at high densities. In spring dung, beetle brood ball production which was greater was reduced by both beetle and fly densities, and beetles left the pads earlier at high fly densities. Fly survival was influenced by beetle density, but less than in summer dung, and not by fly density. Mortality was probably caused by death of eggs. These data support field observations that dung beetles cause higher fly mortality in summer dung than spring dung.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343494

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Electronic Resource

Custom Solutions for Complex Networks (2000)

Whalley, G M ; Newson, D J ; Linsell, K ; [et al.]

Springer

BT technology journal 18 (2000), S. 13-29

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ISSN: 1573-1995

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Notes: Abstract BT has a well-established managed network solutions business. Increasingly, corporate customers are looking for end-to-end solutions that deliver complete business processes. However, the managed network will remain a key component of business transformation. This paper investigates the design of very large IP networks. It establishes that there are many issues that need to be considered if an efficient, future-proof design is to be produced. The design of medium-sized networks is well understood and is a candidate for automation. However, larger networks require a good understanding of the customer needs for the network and any existing systems that need to be included, and a comprehensive understanding of current and emerging IP and data technologies that are available.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026799528153

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