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  • 1
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    Landscape and anthropogenic features influence the use of auditory vigilance by mule deer (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Description: While visual forms of vigilance behavior and their relationship with predation risk have been broadly examined, animals also employ other vigilance modalities such as auditory vigilance by listening for the acoustic cues of predators. Similar to the tradeoffs associated with visual vigilance, auditory behavior potentially structures the energy budgets and behavior of animals. The cryptic nature of auditory vigilance makes it difficult to study, but on-animal acoustical monitoring has rapidly advanced our ability to investigate behaviors and conditions related to sound. We utilized this technique to investigate the ways external stimuli in an active natural gas development field affect periodic pausing by mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) within bouts of rumination-based mastication. To better understand the ecological properties that structure this behavior, we investigate spatial and temporal factors related to these pauses to determine if results are consistent with our hypothesis that pausing is used for auditory vigilance. We found that deer paused more when in forested cover and at night, where visual vigilance was likely to be less effective. Additionally, deer paused more in areas of moderate background sound levels, though responses to anthropogenic features were less clear. Our results suggest that pauses during rumination represent a form of auditory vigilance that is responsive to landscape variables. Further exploration of this behavior can facilitate a more holistic understanding of risk perception and the costs associated with vigilance behavior.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-17
    Description: The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the main pathway by which newly born subventricular zone cells reach the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents. However, the RMS in the adult human brain has been elusive. We demonstrate the presence of a human RMS, which is unexpectedly organized around a lateral ventricular extension reaching the OB, and illustrate the neuroblasts in it. The RMS ensheathing the lateral olfactory ventricular extension, as seen by magnetic resonance imaging, cell-specific markers, and electron microscopy, contains progenitor cells with migratory characteristics and cells that incorporate 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and become mature neurons in the OB.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curtis, Maurice A -- Kam, Monica -- Nannmark, Ulf -- Anderson, Michelle F -- Axell, Mathilda Zetterstrom -- Wikkelso, Carsten -- Holtas, Stig -- van Roon-Mom, Willeke M C -- Bjork-Eriksson, Thomas -- Nordborg, Claes -- Frisen, Jonas -- Dragunow, Michael -- Faull, Richard L M -- Eriksson, Peter S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1243-9. Epub 2007 Feb 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Cell Shape ; Ependyma/cytology ; Eye Proteins/genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles/anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/analysis ; Neurons/chemistry/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neuropeptides/genetics ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Olfactory Pathways/anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics ; Prosencephalon/anatomy & histology/*cytology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Sialic Acids/analysis ; Stem Cells/chemistry/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Tubulin/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of thrombus formation on intravascular sensors by electrical polarization (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 797-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Implantable biomedical sensors built on a silicon substrate capped with glass are currently being developed for intravascular applications. Electrical techniques for inhibiting thrombus formation on the surface of a proposed optical sensor in direct contact with blood have been investigated. Glass-on-silicon specimens (4 × 1.2 × 0.4 mm3) were coated with indium-tin oxide, a transparent conductor, and implanted in the vena cava and iliac veins of three dogs for 10, 20, or 33 days. The equilibrium surface - blood interface potentials of the specimens were modified by implanted current sources which supplied either direct current (8-15 m̈A) or 100 KHz alternating current (5 m̈A, root mean square). Light-microscopic and scanning electron-microscopic analyses showed each of the DC-polarized specimens to be free of thrombus, in contrast to nonpolarized (control) specimens on which varying amounts of adsorbed protein and thrombus deposits were found. Like the control specimens, the AC-polarized specimens formed thrombus, but the appearance of the deposits differed. These findings support the view that the polarity, magnitude and time dependence of the potential across conducting surface - blood interface significantly influence thrombogenicity. Further work is necessary to determine the roles of electrochemical and electrostatic factors in preventing thrombus formation on foreign materials.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180710
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  • 4
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    Differential expression of voltage-gated sodium channels in afferent neurons renders selective neural block by ionic direct current (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-12
    Description: The assertion that large-diameter nerve fibers have low thresholds and small-diameter fibers have high thresholds in response to electrical stimulation has been held in a nearly axiomatic regard in the field of neuromodulation and neuroprosthetics. In contrast to the short pulses used to evoke action potentials, long-duration ionic direct current has been shown to block neural activity. We propose that the main determinant of the neural sensitivity to direct current block is not the size of the axon but the types of voltage-gated sodium channels prevalent in its neural membrane. On the basis of the variants of voltage-gated sodium channels expressed in different types of neurons in the peripheral nerves, we hypothesized that the small-diameter nociceptive fibers could be preferentially blocked. We show the results of a computational model and in vivo neurophysiology experiments that offer experimental validation of this novel phenomenon.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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