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  • 1
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    Fault Dislocation Modeled Structure of Lobate Scarps from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Digital Terrain Models (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: [1]  Before the launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), known characteristics of lobate scarps on the Moon were limited to studies of only a few dozen scarps revealed in Apollo-era photographs within ~20° of the equator. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) now provides meter-scale images of more than 100 lobate scarps, as well as stereo derived topography of about a dozen scarps. High resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) provide unprecedented insight into scarp morphology and dimensions. Here, we analyze images and DTMs of the Slipher, Racah X-1, Mandel'shtam A, Feoktistov, Simpelius-1, and Oppenheimer F lobate scarps. Parameters in fault dislocation models are iteratively varied to provide best fits to DTM topographic profiles to test previous interpretations that the observed landforms are the result of shallow, low-angle thrust faults. Results suggest that these faults occur from the surface down to depths of hundreds of meters, have dip angles of 35–40°, and have typical maximum slips of tens of meters. These lunar scarp models are comparable to modeled geometries of lobate scarps on Mercury, Mars, and asteroid 433 Eros, but are shallower and ~10° steeper than geometries determined in studies with limited Apollo-era data. Frictional and rock mass strength criteria constrain the state of global differential stress between 3.5 and 18.6 MPa at the modeled maximum depths of faulting. Our results are consistent with thermal history models that predict relatively small compressional stresses that likely arise from cooling of a magma ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the southern Andes (2004)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 31, no. 15, pp. 362-376, pp. L15610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Geodesy ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Volcanology ; South ; America ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Co-seismic slip from the 1995, July 30, Mw=8.1 Antofagasta, Chile, earthquake as constrained by InSAR and Global Positioning System observations (2002)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 362-376, pp. 1397, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Inversion ; Subduction zone ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Distribution of slip from 11 Ms-2dwus0 〉 6 earthquakes in the northern Chile subduction zone (2006)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 111, no. B10, pp. 1-18, pp. B10302, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Global Positioning System, and teleseismic data to constrain the relative location of coseismic slip from 11 earthquakes on the subduction interface in northern Chile (23-25 S) between the years 1993 and 2000. We invert body wave waveforms and geodetic data both jointly and separately for the four largest earthquakes during this time period (1993 Mw 6.8; 1995 Mw 8.1; 1996 Mw 6.7; 1998 Mw 7.1). While the location of slip in the teleseismic-only, geodetic-only, and joint slip inversions is similar for the small earthquakes, there are differences for the 1995 Mw 8.1 event, probably related to nonuniqueness of models that fit the teleseismic data. There is a consistent mislocation of the Harvard centroid moment tensor locations of many of the 6 〈 Mw 〈 8 earthquakes by 30-50 km toward the trench. For all models, the teleseismic data are better able to resolve fine details of the earthquake slip distribution. The 1995 earthquake did not rupture to the maximum depth of the seismogenic zone (as defined by the other earthquakes). In addition to the above events, we use only teleseismic data to determine the rupture characteristics of four other Mw 〉 6 earthquakes, as well as three Mw 〉 7 events from the 1980s. All of these earthquakes appear to rupture different portions of the fault interface and do not rerupture a limited number of asperities.
    Keywords: Source ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; InSAR ; 7215 ; Seismology: ; Earthquake ; source ; observations ; 7240 ; Subduction ; zones ; 6924 ; Radio ; Science: ; Interferometry ; 1240 ; Geodesy ; and ; Gravity: ; Satellite ; geodesy: ; results ; 1242 ; Seismic ; cycle ; related ; deformations
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    An aseismic slip pulse in northern Chile and along-strike variations in seismogenic behavior (2006)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 111, no. B8, pp. 1-14, pp. B08405, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; slow ; red ; silent ; Seismicity ; JGR ; South ; America ; 1242 ; Geodesy ; and ; Gravity: ; Seismic ; cycle ; related ; deformations ; 1240 ; Satellite ; geodesy: ; results ; 7240 ; Seismology: ; Subduction ; zones ; 8163 ; Tectonophysics: ; Rheology ; and ; friction ; of ; fault ; zones
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Decadal volcanic deformation in the Central Andes Volcanic Zone revealed by InSAR time series (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: [1]  Decadal trends of volcanic deformation in the Central Andes Volcanic Zone are identified with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) stacks and time series velocity maps covering an area 19–27°S and 66–69°W. We combine over 750 ERS and Envisat interferograms from 2 descending and 3 ascending tracks. These tracks cover 100,000 km 2 and span 1992 to 2011. Our analysis extends observations at Cerro Blanco, Uturuncu, and Lazufre volcanic centers and uncovers two previously undocumented deformation centers; Cerro Overo in Northern Chile, and Putana Volcano in Southwest Bolivia. Cerro Overo exhibits a transition from steady −0.4 cm/yr deflation to 0.5 cm/yr inflation over several years. Putana Volcano underwent a short-lived episode of uplift between 13 September 2009 and 31 January 2010, with a maximum uplift of 4.0 cm. Cerro Blanco continues −1.0 cm/yr deflation since 1995. Uplift at Lazufre began between 1997–2000 and has gradually accelerated to 3.5 cm/yr since 2005. Uturuncu volcano continues 1.0 cm/yr monotonic uplift since 1992, and shows evidence for a broad moat of subsidence surrounding the uplifting region. Four of the nine deformation events in the CVZ are not obviously associated with a particular volcanic edifice. Furthermore, there is significant spatial and temporal variability of these deformation events within a small geographic area.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Depths and focal mechanisms of crustal earthquakes in the central Andes determined from teleseismic waveform analysis and InSAR (2012)
    Wiley
    In: Tectonics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: We investigate the depths of crustal earthquakes ( Mw ≳ 5.5) earthquakes from the Global CMT catalog and previous work spanning 1944–2007. For 38 well-recorded events, we use teleseismic P and SH waveforms to model the strike, dip, rake, focal depth, and source time function. We use InSAR observations of surface deformation from 9 earthquakes to compare inferred fault parameters with the waveform inversions and global catalogs to assess their accuracies. While the depths from the InSAR and waveform analyses generally agree within error, horizontal and depth errors in global catalogs are 10 to 50 km, as found elsewhere. As noted in previous work, the majority of crustal earthquakes occur in the Eastern Cordillera and foreland regions of the central Andes, although a few normal and strike-slip earthquakes occur beneath the Altiplano plateau and in the forearc in southern Peru and northernmost Chile. We propose a new interpretation of one of the basement thrusts (Shira Mountain, Peru) as a pop up block on the basis of our new earthquake depths. We confirm that earthquakes in the flat slab areas of Peru and Argentina are within the sometimes aseismic lower crust. Lower crustal earthquakes are globally found in all types of tectonic settings only when the thermal lithosphere is more than 80 km thick and the amount of recent shortening/extension is
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Earthquake swarms in South America (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: SUMMARY We searched for earthquake swarms in South America between 1973 and 2009 using the global Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE) catalogue. Seismicity rates vary greatly over the South American continent, so we employ a manual search approach that aims to be insensitive to spatial and temporal scales or to the number of earthquakes in a potential swarm. We identify 29 possible swarms involving 5–180 earthquakes each (with total swarm moment magnitudes between 4.7 and 6.9) within a range of tectonic and volcanic locations. Some of the earthquake swarms on the subduction megathrust occur as foreshocks and delineate the limits of main shock rupture propagation for large earthquakes, including the 2010 M w 8.8 Maule, Chile and 2007 M w 8.1 Pisco, Peru earthquakes. Also, subduction megathrust swarms commonly occur at the location of subduction of aseismic ridges, including areas of long-standing seismic gaps in Peru and Ecuador. The magnitude–frequency relationship of swarms we observe appears to agree with previously determined magnitude–frequency scaling for swarms in Japan. We examine geodetic data covering five of the swarms to search for an aseismic component. Only two of these swarms (at Copiapó, Chile, in 2006 and near Ticsani Volcano, Peru, in 2005) have suitable satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations. We invert the InSAR geodetic signal and find that the ground deformation associated with these swarms does not require a significant component of aseismic fault slip or magmatic intrusion. Three swarms in the vicinity of the volcanic arc in southern Peru appear to be triggered by the M w = 8.5 2001 Peru earthquake, but predicted static Coulomb stress changes due to the main shock were very small at the swarm locations, suggesting that dynamic triggering processes may have had a role in their occurrence. Although we identified few swarms in volcanic regions, we suggest that particularly large volcanic swarms (those that could be detected using the PDE catalogue) occur in areas of infrequent eruption and may be related to large regional fault zones.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 9
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    Global link between deformation and volcanic eruption quantified by satellite imagery (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Article Deformation is often used in volcano monitoring, but the associated hazard is hard to interpret. Biggs et al. analyse 20 years of global satellite data and show a strong statistical link between deformation and eruption, although deformation alone is not necessarily a precursor of imminent eruption. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms4471 Authors: J. Biggs, S. K. Ebmeier, W. P. Aspinall, Z. Lu, M. E. Pritchard, R. S. J. Sparks, T. A. Mather
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Evidence of recent thrust faulting on the Moon revealed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images reveal previously undetected lobate thrust-fault scarps and associated meter-scale secondary tectonic landforms that include narrow extensional troughs or graben, splay faults, and multiple low-relief terraces. Lobate scarps are among the youngest landforms on the Moon, based on their generally crisp appearance, lack of superposed large-diameter impact craters, and the existence of crosscut small-diameter impact craters. Identification of previously known scarps was limited to high-resolution Apollo Panoramic Camera images confined to the equatorial zone. Fourteen lobate scarps were identified, seven of which are at latitudes greater than +/-60 degrees, indicating that the thrust faults are globally distributed. This detection, coupled with the very young apparent age of the faults, suggests global late-stage contraction of the Moon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watters, Thomas R -- Robinson, Mark S -- Beyer, Ross A -- Banks, Maria E -- Bell, James F 3rd -- Pritchard, Matthew E -- Hiesinger, Harald -- van der Bogert, Carolyn H -- Thomas, Peter C -- Turtle, Elizabeth P -- Williams, Nathan R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 20;329(5994):936-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1189590.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. watterst@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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