ALBERT

Description: We review and analyse the phenomenon of time-invariant, periodic geomagnetic tides. These are generated by the deterministic physics of the ionospheric and oceanic dynamos, and, to a lesser extent, by the solar-quiet magnetosphere, and they are affected by currents induced in the Earth's electrically conducting interior. Using a long historical time-series of hourly magnetic vector measurements made at the Honolulu observatory, we construct high-resolution, frequency-domain power spectra across periods from 0.1 to 10 000.0 d using maximum-entropy and Lomb periodogram algorithms. Recognizing that harmonics corresponding to fundamental forcing periods can, themselves, have amplitude and phase modulation driven by other forcing harmonics, we identify solar-diurnal tides and their annual and solar-cycle sideband modulations, lunar semidiurnal tides and their solar-diurnal sidebands, and tides due to precession of lunar eccentricity and nodes. In contrast to reports by other investigators, we cannot identify tidal signals that might be related to the 22-yr Hale cycle, the Chandler wobble and the quasi-biennial oscillation. Using a least-squares algorithm to estimate the amplitudes and phases of individual tidal constituents, we construct synthetic model time-series that are representative of geomagnetic tidal variation. The signals summarized in this report can be used to test fundamental understanding of the dynamics of the solar-quiet ionosphere and magnetosphere, the ocean and the electrically conducting interior of the Earth, and they can be used to specify a quiet-time baseline against which magnetospheric storm disturbance can be measured.