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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some complications in determining trends in the stratosphere
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Advances in Space Research 11 (1991), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0273-1177(91)90398-4
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible evidence of the Southern Oscillation in total ozone at Arosa (1982)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Statistische Tests eines möglichen Zusammenhanges zwischen dem Gesamtozon über Arosa und Indizes der südlichen Oszillation geben zwar unbestimmte aber nicht aussichtslose Hinweise: Die linearen Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen 12monatig übergreifenden Mittelwerten sind für beide Hälften der Periode 1935–1980 statistisch signifikant, während die Kohärenzen in der ersten, aber nicht in der zweiten Hälfte der Periode statistisch signifikant sind. Die Phasen sind jedoch in beiden Perioden übereinstimmend. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, daß eine Beziehung zwischen dem Gesamtozongehalt über Arosa und der südlichen Oszillation in dem Sinne besteht, daß, wenn der mittlere Luftdruck am Boden im zentralen tropischen Südpazifischen Ozean niedrig ist, während er im Gebiet von Indonesien hoch ist, der Ozongehalt über Arosa eine Tendenz zu höheren Werten zeigt und umgekehrt.
    Notes: Summary Statistical tests of a possible association between total ozone at Arosa and indices of the Southern Oscillation give indefinite but not unpromising answers: linear correlation coefficients between 12-month running means are statistically significant for both halves of the period 1935–1980, whereas the squared coherences are statistically significant in the first but not in the second half of the period. The phases in both periods are consistent, however. Our investigation shows that a relationship between the total ozone amounts at Arosa and the Southern Oscillation, must be in the sense that when the sea level mean pressure is low over the central tropical South Pacific Ocean while it is high in the Indonesian region, the total ozone amounts at Arosa tend to be large, and conversely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02258034
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SIGNAL OF THE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE-LOWER STRATOSPHERE (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 80 (1997), S. 393-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper summarizes work by the authors over the past ten years on an apparent signal of the 11-year sunspot cycle in the lower stratosphere-upper troposphere. The signal appears as a basic, consistent pattern in correlations between heights of stratospheric constant-pressure levels, at least as high as 25 km, and the solar cycle in which the highest correlations are in the subtropics. The variation of the stratospheric heights in phase with the sunspot cycle are – in the areas of high correlations between the two – associated with temperature variations on the same time scale in the middle and upper troposphere. The spatial distribution of the correlations suggests that the year-to-year changes in tropical and subtropical vertical motions contain a component on the time scale of the solar cycle. In January and February the correlations with the sunspot cycle are smallest. The smallness of the correlations is owing to the fact that they are different in the east and west years of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial stratospheric winds. The correlation pattern in the east years is the same as in the other seasons and is statistically significant. In the west years the correlations are insignificant outside the arctic, and the positive correlation in the arctic in these years is related to the fact that major midwinter breakdowns of the cyclonic vortex in the west years so far have happened only at maxima in the solar cycle. Until recently reliable continuous series of analyses of the stratosphere were not available for the southern hemisphere. The U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research have now, however, issued a 23-year series of re-analyzed global data which has made it possible to detect the solar signal on the southern hemisphere. It turns out to be almost the same as that on the northern hemisphere. The correlations between total column ozone and the sunspot cycle are lowest in the equatorial regions, where ozone is produced, and in the subpolar regions, where the largest amounts are found. In the annual mean the largest correlations lie between 5° lat. and 30° lat. We suggest that this distribution of correlations is due to the fact that the subtropical heights of the constant-pressure surfaces in the ozone layer are higher in maximum than in minimum years of the sunspot cycle, and that the higher subtropical heights in the solar maxima depress the poleward transport of ozone through the subtropics and thus create an abundance of ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004907126955
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A ten-to-twelve year variation in the stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere (1993)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 14 (1993), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This review paper for STIB (Stratosphere-Troposphere Interaction and the Biosphere; a proposed core project for IGBP) summarizes several features of a recently discovered 10–12 year oscillation in the atmosphere on the Northern Hemisphere. The oscillation is especially strong in the stratosphere during the warmer half of the year, but it is evident in the stratosphere and troposphere also in winter if the data are grouped according to the phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of the wind in the equatorial stratosphere. During the 40 years with data available to describe the oscillation it was phase locked with the 11-year solar cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179223
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of the 11-year Solar Cycle on the Stratosphere Below 30 km: a Review (2000)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 94 (2000), S. 259-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The NCEP/NCAR re-analyses of the global data as high as 10hPa have made it possible to examine the influence of the 11-year sunspot cycle on the lower stratosphere over the entire globe. Previously, the signal of the solar cycle had been detected in the temperatures and heights of the stratosphere at 30hPa and below on the Northern Hemisphere by means of a data set from the Freie Universität Berlin. The global re-analyses show that the signal exists on the Southern Hemisphere too, and that it is almost a mirror image of that on the Northern Hemisphere. The largest temperature correlations with the solar cycle move from one summer hemisphere to the other, and the largest height correlations move poleward within each hemisphere from winter to summer. The correlations are weakest over the whole globe in the northern winter. If, however, one divides the data into the winters when the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation was easterly or westerly, the arctic correlations become positive and large in the west years, but insignificantly small over the rest of the earth. The correlations in the east years are negative in the Arctic but positive in the subtropics and tropics on both hemispheres. The difference between the east and west years in January-February can be ascribed to the fact that the dominant stratospheric teleconnection and the solar influence work in the same direction in the east years but oppose each other in the west years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026731625713
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent work correlating the 11-year solar cycle with atmospheric elements grouped according to the phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (1989)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 49 (1989), S. 239-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric elements at all levels from the surface to the Middle Atmosphere show a probable association with the 11-year solar cycle in northern winter, which can be observed only if the data are grouped according to the phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. As the correlations are often of opposite sign in the East and West phase of the QBO, the correlation coefficients are mostly small when one uses as full time series of an atmospheric element. The spatial patterns of the correlations resemble well-known teleconnection patterns. The sparse data and short series on the Southern Hemisphere permit only a limited investigation. Good relationships are found in the antarctic stratosphere in spring and at sea level in winter. Statistical tests suggest that our results did not occur by chance, but since we cannot examine data from before 1952 because we do not know the phase of the QBO before then, and since there is no physical explanation for the large correlation coefficients, we cannot yet exclude the possibility that the results are due to sample variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241868
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and environmental variation in the birth weight of twins (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: twins ; LISREL ; birth weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two novel approaches to the analysis of twin data are illustrated with data from birth weight in twins. First, two possible covariates of birth weight are fitted to the data simultaneously, allowing for linear effects of these variables, and their correlation. Second, information on chorionicity is used to estimate the effects of chorion type on birth weight. The data were collected from a large sample of twins born in East Flanders, Belgium. Variation and covariation in twins were considered as a function of sex, chorionicity, maternal age, gestational age, and genotype. No evidence for sex differences in causes of variation was found. As expected, the largest source of variation in birth weight was associated with gestational age. Other common environmental influences were nonsignificant. Heritability was significant, constituting approximately 40% of variation not associated with maternal and gestational age. A small but significant effect of chorionicity was found, such that dichorionic twins show a greater similarity than monochorionic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065890
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Klima des Antarktischen Ozeans (1957)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 8 (1957), S. 75-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A spatial distribution of the climatic elements for the summer season is attempted using the observations from the Antarctic Ocean summed up in squares of 2 degrees latitude by 10 degrees longitude, and taking into account also the available weather stations. On the basis of the resulting mean maps (pressure, wind, cloudiness, air- and sea temperatures) the differences between the circulations in the two hemispheres are discussed. The circulation in the southern hemisphere west wind belt appears, in the mean, to be considerably stronger than in the northern hemisphere. The positions of the major frontal zones are established through the temperature maps. A discussion of the circulational characteristics is given, based on the pressure and wind maps, and their effects on the climate in the various sectors are mentioned.
    Abstract: Résumé En groupant les résultats des observations faites dans l'Océan Antarctique en champs de 2° de latitude sur 10° de longitude et en tenant compte des stations météorologiques existantes, les auteurs essayent de représenter les éléments climatologiques de l'été. Ils présentent des cartes de la pression atmosphérique, du vent, de la nébulosité, des températures de l'air et des eaux. A l'aide des cartes, ils discutent les différences de la circulation entre les hémisphères nord et sud. En moyenne, il s'avère que la circulation de la zone antarctique des vents d'ouest est bien plus forte et plus homogène que celle de la zone arctique. Avec les cartes de la température les auteurs délimitent les principales zones frontales. D'autre part, les cartes de la pression et des vents permettent d'esquisser le caractère de la circulation et son influence sur le climat dans les différents secteurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Zusammenfassung der Beobachtungen des antarktischen Ozeans in Felder von 2 Breiten- und 10 Längengraden sowie unter Berücksichtigung der vorhandenen Wetterstationen wird versucht, eine flächenhafte Darstellung der Klimaelemente für den Sommer zu geben. Es werden Mittelkarten für Druck, Wind, Bewölkung, Wasser- und Lufttemperatur vorgelegt. An Hand der Karten werden die Unterschiede in der Zirkulation zwischen Nord- und Südhemisphäre besprochen. Im Mittel ergibt sich die Zirkulation der südlichen Westwindzone als erheblich kräftiger und einheitlicher als im Norden. Mit Hilfe der Temperaturkarten werden die Hauptfrontalzonen festgelegt. Die Druck- und Windkarten erlauben eine Besprechung der Zirkulationsformen und ihrer klimatischen Auswirkungen in den einzelnen Sektoren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02260298
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the synoptic climatology of the Tristan da Cunha region (1958)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 9 (1958), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Klimatabelle der monatlichen Mittelwerte für 13 bis 14 Jahre Beobachtungen auf Tristan da Cunha im mittleren Südatlantik (37°S, 12°W) wird mitgeteilt (Luftdruck, Luft- und Wasser-Temperatur, Niederschlag, relative Feuchtigkeit sowie relative Häufigkeit von Windgeschwindigkeiten über 26 Knoten). Es wird danach versucht, mit Hilfe von 10 Hauptwettertypen das Wettergeschehen im Gebiet rund um Tristan da Cunha zu beschreiben. In einem Vergleich mit Neu-Amsterdam (38°S, 77.5°E) im südlichen Indischen Ozean wird der wesentliche Unterschied der atmosphärischen Zirkulationsarten über den beiden Ozeanen darin gefunden, daß über dem Südatlantik eine meridionale Zirkulation mit ausgesprochener West-Ost-Verlagerung über dem südlichen Indischen Ozean aber ein mehr zonaler Ablauf vorherrscht.
    Abstract: Résumé Tableau climatologique des moyennes mensuelles de 13 à 14 ans de Tristan da Cunha (37°S, 12°W) dans l'Atlantique Sud: pression, température de l'air et de l'eau, précipitations, humidité relative et fréquences relatives des vitesses de vent supérieures à 26 nœuds. L'auteur tente sur cette base et en adoptant dix types de temps de décrire l'allure du temps dans la région de Tristan da Cunha. Une comparaison avec la Nouvelle Amsterdam (38°S, 77.5E), dans l'Océan Indien méridional, montre une divergence notable entre les deux océans: l'Océan Atlantique Sud présente une circulation méridienne se déplaçant d'Ouest en Est, et l'Océan Indien méridional par contre une circulation plutôt zonale.
    Notes: Summary A climatic summary of the observations made at Tristan da Cunha (approximately 37°S, 12°W) is presented including only those elements which are representative of conditions over the open sea. An attempt is then made to describe the synoptic climatology of the area around the island by means of 10 basic weather types. Comparisons are drawn with New Amsterdam Island (approximately 38°S, 77.5°E) which show that meridional circulation types with a regular west-east movement are predominant in the South Atlantic Ocean. In the South Indian Ocean zonal circulation patterns prevail with a strong tendency for south-north movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243043
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  • 10
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    The potential of future foods for sustainable and healthy diets (2018)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2398-9629
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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