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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron-capture prompt .gamma.-ray activation analysis for multielement determination in complex samples (1979)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 51 (1979), S. 2209-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50049a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of neutron incoherent scattering from hydrogen in metals (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 3669-3674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Neutron incoherent scattering is a technique that may be used to determine the concentration of hydrogen within various metallic systems. By measuring the scattered neutrons using a position-sensitive detector, we can determine the amount of hydrogen as well as its location in the matrix. Using a slit or aperture in the scattering geometry, we have demonstrated the imaging of hydrogen in layers of polypropylene sandwiched between sets of titanium plates, and also in titanium standards containing known amounts of hydrogen. We have shown the ability to image hydrogen in titanium at the 100 μg/g level as a function of location. Analysis of the images shows that the scattering from the hydrogen increases linearly with its mass fraction within the titanium. We have also investigated the effects on the images of attenuation of the incident beam prior to scattering. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1452769
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ensuring accuracy in spreadsheet calculations (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 374-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spreadsheet programs have become ubiquitous and indispensable in the laboratory. Data may be easily entered and manipulated without the need to learn a programming language or consult a statistician. Spreadsheets are numerically robust and easily altered with a few mouse-clicks to accommodate changing needs. Ease of use, however, implies ease of making errors. Data can be entered in place of equations when a sheet is expanded, sometimes without immediately obvious consequences. Errors can be made less likely to occur by paying attention to the design of the worksheet as it is constructed. Input cells can be formatted to delineate input clearly from output. The sheet can be annotated with titles and notes. Named variables aid understanding and error tracing. Modular blocks of code can add clarity. Logical tests should be included to allow for the occurrence of blank cells, zeroes, and negative numbers. The output should display the values of the important parameters used in the calculation as well as the final result. A finished worksheet needs to be tested to assure accuracy. Standard test data should be used to recheck a sheet‘s reliability after it is modified
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050715
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precise determination of aluminum by instrumental neutron activation (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 113 (1987), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Because of the short half life of Al-28, the determination of aluminum by neutron activation is subject to many inaccuracies: variation of irradiation conditions between sample and standard, uncertainties in timing, and the effects of high and varying count rate, in addition to other sources of error that must be controlled even in work with long-lived nuclides. These errors can all be made smaller than the fundamental limit set by counting statistics, even when that limit is below 0.5 percent. The transfer function from the observed number of net counts to the counting rate at the end of irradiation is modeled as a product of three processes: radioactive decay and extending and nonextending dead time. The procedure has been applied to the analysis of NBS SRM 1633a Fly Ash. The mean concentration measured was 14.085% Al, with a standard deviation of the mean 0.023% Al for four determinations. The final results showed no significant imprecision beyond counting statistics. The accuracy of the method is shown by the analysis of high-purity single-crystal sapphire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036046
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of boron in borosilicate glasses by neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 109 (1987), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Major levels of boron in borosilicate glasses have been determined nondestructively by neutron activation analysis. In contrast to chemical methods for determining boron as a major component, the described nuclear method has few interferences and does not require chemical separation of boron prior to its quantitation. The effects of neutron self-shielding by boron (1 to 8% by weight) are examined, minimized by dilution of powdered samples with high purity graphite, and circumvented by comparative analyses. Results of the analysis of a series of glasses with increasing boron composition are 1.150±.005% and 7.766±.035% for the low and high members of the series. Accuracy of these results depends upon comparative analyses with the certified Standard Reference Material, SRM 93a (3.89±0.02% B). Once analyzed, the glasses are useful as secondary standards for alpha track counting, and also ion and electron microprobe analyses of glasses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117528
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of INAA, PGAA, and RNAA to determine 30 elements for certification of an SRM: Tomato Leaves, 157a (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 179 (1994), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analyses for certification have been made for the determination of 30 elements in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Tomato Leaves renewal reference material, SRM 1573a. Three of the analytical techniques used were instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA), and prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). These techniques provided data on 19 elements by INAA, 10 elements by PGAA, and 7 elements by RNAA, with some overlap between techniques. For example, INAA was able to obtain overall analytical uncerainties (at the 95% confidence level) averaging ±2.2% for major and minor constituents (Ca, Mg, K), ±3.3% for constituents from 1 to 1000 μg/g (Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Ba, Zn, Rb, La, Cr), and ±6.4% for elements between 10 and 1000 ng/g (Co, V, Se, Th, Sc, Sb), using sample dry weights of approximately 150 mg. These analyses represent the most extensive use to date of nuclear analytical techniques in the certification of a trace element SRM at NIST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02037935
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron captue prompt gamma-ray activation analysis at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 167 (1993), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An instrument for neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) has been constructed as part of the Cold Neutron Research Facility at the 20 MW National Institute of Standards and Technology Research Reactor. The neutron fluence rate (thermal equivalent) is 1.5·108 n ·cm−2·s−1, with negligible fast neutrons and gamma-rays. With compact geometry and hydrogen-free construction, the sensitivity is sevenfold better than an existing thermal instrument. Hydrogen background is thirtyfold lower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035470
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis at NIST — Recent developments (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 215 (1997), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The cold neutron capture prompt γ-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) spectrometer located in the Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF) at NIST has proven useful for the analysis of hydrogen and other elements in a wide variety of materials. Modifications of the instrument and the CNRF have resulted in improved measurement capabilities for PGAA. The addition of an atmosphere-controlled sample chamber and Compton suppression have reduced γ-ray background and increased signal-to-noise ratio. More recent revisions are expected to yield still further improvement in analytical capabilities. Replacement of the D2O ice cold source with a liquid H2 moderator is expected to yield a 5–10 fold increase in neutron capture rate, and improved neutron and γ-ray shielding will result in further reduction of the background. Other modifications to the instrument allow easier sample mounting and more precise positioning of samples in the neutron beam. Significant improvements in detection limits and analytical accuracy are expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109879
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis for Certification of Ion-Implanted Arsenic in Silicon (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 245 (2000), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Standard reference material (SRM) 2134 Arsenic Implant in Silicon was produced at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a calibrant for secondary ion mass spectrometry. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used as a primary method for certification of the arsenic implanted dose. A complete evaluation of all sources of uncertainty yielded an expanded relative uncertainty for the mean value of this SRM to be 0.38% at approximately the 95% level of confidence. No evidence indicating significant heterogeneity among samples was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006703131599
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring hydrogen by cold-neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 180 (1994), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract By irradiating with cold neutrons and avoiding hydrogenous materials of construction, we have developed a PGAA instrument at the Cold Neutron Research Facility at NIST with hydrogen detection limits in the microgram range in many materials. Quantities of 5–10 μg H/g are presently measurable in gram-sized samples of silicon or quartz, and of order 0.01 wt % can be quantitatively measured in complex silicate rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035915
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