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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 48-49 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The exceptionally well-exposed folded Ordovician and Silurian greywackes and shales of the Rhinns of Galloway were chosen as a test field for the hypothesis that phases of deformation with different transport directions may have affected less metamorphic strips of the Caledonides as well. The ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 2 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In a vast region in Scandinavia, a monotonous and extremely slow deposition of anaerobic mud persisted through the Late Cambrian. After a long time with no or very little sedimentation, deposition was recommenced in the Early Ordovician at an equally slow rate, but with calciumcarbonate as the main component. pH at the bottom was so low that the deposition of the carbonate in the long run only just outweighed the solution, which occurred frequently and sometimes during long periods. By oscil- lating solution and precipitation in the pores, lime mud could set into limestone on the sea-bed. By more definite phases of solution, most of the limestone could be reduced to a marl bed with remains of undissolved limestone. Single limestone beds formed over such marl were apt to glide and deform into anticlines, which rose from the sea- bottom to heights up to 20 cm. These folds were rarely destroyed mechanically, which speaks for a tranquil bottom environment. Their crests were, however, cheinically corroded in the same way as discontinuity surfaces, which were also formed at many intervals. The processes by which the discontinuity surfaces were formed never affected a fold mechanically. The corrosion of the fold crests and of the discontinuity surfaces took place on the bottom of the sea, at safe distance from the surface. The corrosion was most frequently associated with the formation, and maintenance, of a glauconite skin. The abundance of preserved fold structures indicates that the region was relatively deep under the sea for most of the Early Ordovician. Later on, already in the middle-Late Arenigian, the sea may have become shallower. The findings are extrapolated, with some probable interpretations and new observations, to include a hypothetical explanation for the passage from black shale to limestone facies.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 4 (1965), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In principle, sedimentary folding in Early Ordovician limestones in Sweden corres- ponds to the arching of a marble plaque on the wall of the “H6tel de Ville” of Cham- bery. This folding is due to dilatation within an unyielding frame by the swelling of a certain layer.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 26 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Sand ridges along the coast of northern Brittany contain alternating beds of coarse and fine to medium sand 4–10 m above normal reach of highest spring tides. They were deposited in the Holocene, largely during the last centuries, by sand charged storm surges. Deformation structures at many levels in these beds have amplitudes of 2–25 cm. Fine-grained beds were folded in a manner that suggests relative competency of transmitting horizontally directed stress. Coarse-grained beds, by yielding, permitted folding to die out vertically. It is suggested that a transitional zone existed between the storm surge and the underlying sediment. This zone consisted of a mixture of water and sand. Deformation occurred at the moment movement in this zone was arrested. Comparison with published data on deformed bedding indicates that the described structures may be environment specific.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 336 (1988), S. 572-574 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The discovery of Brunflo, a structurally well-preserved chon-drite in Ordovician limestone1'2, demonstrated that clasts in limestone of hemipelagic type should be examined as potential meteorites. A remnant of one such clast was found by one of us (M.L.) in a slab dumped at the Osterplana quarry ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 68 (1979), S. 952-964 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Interrelations between glauconite and calcite cement are added to different indicators of preservation of early diagenetic phenomena in Lower Ordovician limestones of Sweden. The interrelations briefly discussed are, 1. glauconite postdating calcite cement in an early fracture filling, 2. glauconite postdating and coeval with calcite cement in the central cavity of sponge spicules, 3. glauconite intergrown with calcite single crystals, 4. calcite cement grown pari passu with shrinkage of glauconite grains, 5. relics of (resedimented?) calcite cement enclosed in glauconitic hardground crusts, 6. calcite cement enclosed in slumped massive glauconitite.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans les calcaires de l'Ordovicien inférieur de la Suède, des relations d'échange entre la glauconite et le ciment calcitique viennent s'ájouter à différentes indications de la conservation de phénomènes diagénétiques hâtifs. Ces relations, brièvement discutées, sont: 1) glauconite plus jeune que le ciment de calcite dans un remplissage de fissure hâtif; 2) glauconite plus jeune ou contemporaine de la calcite du ciment dans la cavité centrale de spicules d'éponges; 3) monocristaux de calcite en interpénétration avec la glauconite; 4) accroissement du ciment calcitique allant de pair avec la rétraction de grains de glauconite; 5) Restes de ciment calcitique (remanié?) renfermés dans des croûtes glauconitiques des hardgrounds; 6) ciment calcitique en inclusions dans de la glauconitite massive provenant d'arrachements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Glaukonit und Kalzitzement werden verschiedenen Indikatoren der Erhaltung fürhdiagenetischer Erscheinungen in unterordovizischen Kalken Schwedens hinzugefügt. Die kurz diskutierten Wechselbeziehungen sind: 1. Glaukonit jünger als Kalzitzement in einer frühen Spaltenfüllung, 2. Glaukonit jünger als oder gleichaltrig mit Kalzitzement in der Zentralhöhle von Schwammnadeln, 3. Einkristalle von Kalzit mit Glaukonit durchwachsen, 4. Wachstum von Kalzitzement mit der Schrumpfung von Glaukonitkörnern schrittmachend, 5. Reste von (resedimentiertem?) Kalzitzement in Glaukonitkrusten von Diskontinuitätsflächen eingeschlossen, 6. Kalzitzement in verrutschtem, massigem Glaukonitit eingeschlossen.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 80 (1991), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Lockne impact crater south of Östersund formed in the early Middle Cambrian with a diameter of 7 km. It is identified by its rim wall of crushed Precambrian basement granite, by fragments of impact melt, and by grains of shocked quartz. The exceptional preservation, in particular of the rim wall, is due to a complicated geological history, the first stage of which consisted of burial by marine sediments. This stage lasted until the Middle Ordovician, or over 50 million years. An early Caradoc lowering of the sea-level may have induced debris flows that stripped the rim wall of much of its sedimentary cover. Because normal marine sedimentation recommenced soon after this event, the structure was not seriously damaged, as it was buried again. The Caledonian orogeny emplaced an overthrust nappe as ultimate protection, which was removed by a recent erosion episode from all but the center of the structure. Structures formed by the impact of extraterrestrial bodies are very rare throughout much of Europe, because such structures are neither well preserved nor displayed in young mountain belts or sedimentary basins. However, northern Europe has several ascertained structures of this kind (Svensson &Wickman, 1965;Svensson, 1968;Bruun &Dahlman, 1982;Kala et al., 1984;Flodén et al., 1986;Wickman, 1988). Unfortunately, the hitherto known structures are either poorly preserved or hidden by younger deposits. We are reporting the discovery of a well-preserved exposed and accessible impact structure that has escaped the notice of geologists although important features of it have been described and puzzled over by generations of researchers (Wiman, 1900;Hadding, 1927;Thorslund, 1940;Lindström et al., 1983). The structure is located in the Lockne area to the south of Östersund in central Sweden. It has a diameter of 7 km and its center is near Tramsta on the northwest shore of Lake Locknesjön (Fig. 1). Its middle is covered by folded Lower to Middle Ordovician Orthoceratite Limestone with the sheared Lower Ordovician Töyen Shale at its base. This local expanse of deformed rock is the remainder after erosion of an extensive nappe of overthrust rocks emplaced during the Caledonian orogeny. The good preservation of the impact structure is due to the nappe cover, which had to be removed before erosion could attack the underlying structures. The rim of the impact crater is outlined by a wall of strongly shattered fragments of Proterozoic crystalline rocks (Fig. 2), which formed the local bedrock (Strömberg et al., 1984) at the time of impact. The rim wall is best preserved along the western part of the structure. It was referred to as »arkose-like breccia« byThorslund (1940), who interpreted it as the result of continental weathering, but the components rather show evidence of intense crushing than of weathering (Simon, 1987a). The »arkose-like breccia« does not contain components derived from the lower Palaeozoic deposits of the area.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 51 (1962), S. 144-180 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Decken des Ostrandes der skandinavischen Kaledoniden wurden fast horizontal, hauptsächlich gegen SE, überschoben. Die fast horizontale Lage der Tektonite erleichtert die geometrische Analyse des regionalen Gefüges. Orientierungen von rund 20 000 Kleinstrukturen verschiedener Arten sind in 15 kleinen Gebieten längs eines Abschnittes der Gebirgskette möglichst exakt eingemessen und lokalisiert worden. Die Kleinstrukturen gruppieren sich um bestimmte Orientierungsmaxima, von denen einige mehr oder weniger häufig in sämtlichen Gebieten vertreten sind. Kleinfalten von gewissen Orientierungen vergieren nur in eine Richtung. Andere Gruppen von Kleinfalten sind bezüglich der Vergenzrichtung indifferent. Somit bestehen verschiedene Teilgefüge, die in diesem Aufsatz mittels einer Art Korrelationmatrize aufeinander bezogen werden, wodurch sie auch schärfer definiert werden können. Die tektonischen Bewegungen fanden in verschiedene, ziemlich scharf voneinander getrennte Richtungen statt.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1971), S. 419-438 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Cambro-Silurian of the Baltic Shield was deposited during a transgressiveregressive cycle that lasted for about 175 m.y. The Lower Cambrian rests unconformably on strongly denuded Precambrian. Its lower and main part consists of up to 200 m thick quartzitic sandstone with evidence of littoral and neritic environments. Slowing deposition led to the formation of thin, more or less calcareous shales with trilobites. In the Middle Cambrian a black shale facies spread from the W. Glauconite and phosphorite occur at intervals of condensed sedimentation. There are a few thin layers of bedded limestone. The extensive Upper Cambrian of the Baltic Shield proper has a maximum thickness of about 16 m. It consists exclusively of black, bituminous shale with large spheroids of black limestone. Clay minerals may be subordinate, pyrite and organic C occur abundantly, and some levels are enriched in U and V as trace elements. The fauna may be extremely rich in individuals. However, it may be formed entirely of one or two species of olenid trilobites. There is no bioturbation. Condensation and subsolution occur at some levels. The Lower Ordovician may begin with alum shale. In some areas thin clastics are interspersed, without clear evidence of a regression. Enrichment with sulphides and phosphorite commonly occurs. The rate of sedimentation was further reduced. Calcareous arthropod oozes accumulated from the late Tremadocian to the early Caradocian at an average rate below 1 mm/1000 years. The noncalcareous components were deposited about ten times slower. Ferrugineous minerals (glauconite, hematite, chamosite, pyrite, etc.) were deposited as granules, pellets, and crusts. Subsolution and early litruncation occurred frequently. The fauna is commonly sparse in sessile benthos; much of it seems to have been pelagic. In the Middle and Upper Ordovician sedimentation speeded up somewhat. In the beds corresponding to the Caradocian and Ashgillian of the British sequence there are two generations of reef limestones in which algae are involved. These are taken as evidence of a general shallowing trend with oscillations of the sea-level. Locally, temporary emergence took place at the end of the Ordovician. The Llandoverian graptolite shales indicate renewed subsidence. The varied, calcareous neritic facies starting in the Upper Llandoverian indicates the full compensation of a considerable subsidence by sedimentation. Sessile benthos and calcareous algae were abundant during this stage, which lasted till near the end of the Silurian. The cycle ended with general regression accompanied by the formation of semi-continental sandstones.
    Abstract: Résumé La succession cambro-silurienne du Boucher Baltique fut déposée pendant un grand-cycle transgressif-regressif. Le cambrien inférieur consiste principalement en quartzites littoraux et néritiques. Dans le cambrien moyen un facies de schistes noirs se répand progressivement de l'Ouest. A certains horizons, la sédimentation condensée, accompagnée de glauconie et de phosphorite, représente des étages entiers. Il y a aussi de minces horizons de calcaire lité, à traces de subsolution. Le cambrien supérieur (0–16m) consiste exclusivement en schistes noirs, enrichis en pyrite et C organique. U et V sont les plus notables parmi les éléments mineurs. Il y a de très fréquents sphéroÏdes de calcaire bitumineux. La faune, excessivement riche en individus (fonction plutÔt de l'extréme lenteur de toute sédimentation abiogène), est d'autant plus spécialisée et pauvre en espèces. La distribution de ce facies monotone est vaste. L'ordovicien inférieur peut commencer avec le mÊme facies schisteux. Il comporte à sa base des horizons fortement enrichis en pyrite et phosphorite. La sédimentation des vases carbonatiques à arthropodes a commencé déjà dans le trémadocien. Ces sédiments sont fréquemment glauconieux. D'autres minéraux ferrugineux charactérisent différents niveaux de ces dépÔts. La vitesse de sédimentation des vases à arthropodes a été très lente: moins de 1 mm/1000 ans en moyenne pour les composants carbonatiques, moins encore pour les abiogènes. Le plus souvent, les couches sont séparées par de surfaces de discontinuité, formées par la dissolution sous-marine de carbonate. L'ordovicien moyen et supérieur présentent une sédimentation peu à peu accélérée. Dans le caradocien et l'ashgillien il y a deux générations de récifs à polypiers et algues. Les dépÔts llandovériens — schistes pélagiques à graptolites — indiquent le renouvellement de la tendance subsidente. Dès le llandovérien supérieur il s'y installe un facies néritique, marno-calcaire, à faune abondante et variée. Vers le fin du silurien le Bouclier Baltique fut mis à sec. Des dépÔts sableux marquent la fin du grand-cycle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die kambro-silurische Schichtenfolge des baltischen Schildes wurde während eines großen Transgressions-Regressions-Zyklus gebildet. Das Unterkambrium besteht vorwiegend aus littoralen bis neritischen Quarziten. Die Gesamtmächtigkeit beträgt bis etwa 200m. Im Mittelkambrium breitet sich die Alaunschiefer-Fazies vom W her aus. Glaukonitische und phosphoritreiche Kondensationshorizonte können ganze Stufen vertreten. Wo dünne, bankige Kalke auftreten, enthalten diese Diskontinuitäts- (Korrosions-) Flächen. Das geringmächtige (0–16m) Oberkambrium besteht durchweg aus Alaunschiefern, schwarzen, weichen Schiefern, die sehr reich an Pyrit und organischen Verbindungen sind. Spurenelemente wie V und U können angereichert sein. Bezeichnend sind riesige Knollen von bituminösem Kalk. Die Fauna kann äußerst individuenreich sein, wobei in der Regel fast nur eine Art in einem Horizont vertreten ist. Diese Fazies ist vom nördlichsten Lappland bis Schonen verbreitet. Das Unterordovizium kann mit Alaunschiefern anfangen. Kräftige Pyritisierung und Phosphat-Anreicherung ist hier häufig. Schon im Tremadoc fing die Ablagerung kalkiger, zunächst glaukonitreicher Arthropodenschlicke an. Die Ablagerung dieser Sedimente erfolgte durchschnittlich mit bis 1 mm/1000 J., die der nicht-kalkigen Anteile um eine Zehnerpotenz langsamer. Häufige, stratigra phisch unbedeutende Sedimentationsunterbrechungen sind mit der Lithifizierung der Kalkbänke und Anreicherung verschiedener, eisenhaltiger Minerale verknüpft. Die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit der kalkigen und tonigen Komponenten nahm im jüngeren Mittelordovizium allmählich zu. Es treten im Caradoc isolierte Riffhügel mit Kalkalgen und reicher Fauna auf. Diese Tendenz bestand noch im Oberordovizium. Die weite Verbreitung von graptolithenführenden Schiefern und Mergeln im Llandovery deutet wohl auf eine Umkehr der Steigungstendenz. Vom jüngeren Llandovery ab dominieren neritische Sedimente. Auf Gotland lagern sich Mergel und Bioklastika mit koloniebildenden Benthonten und Kalkalgen ab. Im Ludlow fängt die Regression an. Sandsteine kommen gegen Ende des Zyklus besonders reichlich vor.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1975-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-0220
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-6812
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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