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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female bluethroats enhance offspring immunocompetence through extra-pair copulations (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 296-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Female birds frequently copulate with extra-pair males, but the adaptive value of this behaviour is poorly understood. Some studies have suggested that ‘good genes’ may be involved, where females seek to have their eggs fertilized by high-quality males without receiving any ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35018556
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Females increase offspring heterozygosity and fitness through extra-pair matings (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 714-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Females in a variety of species commonly mate with multiple males, and there is evidence that they benefit by producing offspring of higher genetic quality; however, the nature of these genetic benefits is debated. Enhanced offspring survival or quality can result from intrinsic effects of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01969
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate retention and male polyterritoriality in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (1986)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 19 (1986), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied pair bond maintenance in the pied flycatcher in an experiment on nest predation at the incubation stage. Males defending one or more additional nestboxes (i.e. polyterritorial) on the day of nest predation were significantly more successful in retaining their mate than were the monoterritorial males (54% and 13% succeed, respectively). We manipulated the number of nest sites available for renesting, and found that the females remained preferentially with those males that had access to a new site, regardless of the previous territorial status of the male. Thus, the success of the polyterritorial males in mate retention was related primarily to the resource defended (a new nest site) rather than to some quality of the particular males per se. When the females could choose between alternative nestboxes for renesting, they selected the one located at the greatest distance from the initial site (Fig. 1). Male polyterritorial behaviour has previously been interpreted as a means of achieving polygyny. Our results show that this behaviour may be advantageous even in the absence of polygyny, especially at high levels of nest predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303839
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca choose male characteristics in homogeneous habitats (1988)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 22 (1988), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The paper reports the results of a 2-year study of pairing success of male pied flycatchers in a homogeneous habitat. A handicapping experiment was carried out in which certain wing and tail feathers were removed from randomly selected males. Handicapped males had reduced pairing success, they lost weight, and they sang less frequently than control males. Male pairing success was positively correlated with the darkness of the plumage, body-size, and previous breeding experience. Earlier studies on the same species have failed to detect any relationships between pairing success and male characteristics, possibly because of habitat heterogeneity and variation in nest site quality. The evolutionary basis for female choice of male characteristics is discussed. There are reports that males with attractive traits (e.g. black plumage) provide a high quality of parental care. However, the fact that male pairing success was related to male conspicuousness makes it difficult to discriminate between active and passive female choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395695
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate sampling behaviour of female pied flycatchers: evidence for active mate choice (1990)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 27 (1990), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper presents major new evidence for active mate choice of female pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca. Fifteen color-ringed females were released into a study area containing 23 unmated males defending one nestbox each. Through intensive surveillance, the behavior of the females was observed during 2 consecutive days. Twenty-two of the males received a total of 131 female visits. Six of the females settled in the study area, and their premating period lasted 1.3–2.5 days. The females were seen searching for mates for at least 6–32 h and were seen visiting at least 1–9 different males. Hence, some of the females rejected males before mating. Nevertheless, the females settled close to the site of release (range: 16–243 m), suggesting that they mated with one of the first males encountered. Females visited males most frequently in the morning, and the diurnal distribution of visits was significantly correlated with male song activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00168450
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate fidelity of renesting pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in relation to characteristics of the pair mates (1988)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 22 (1988), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary After a nesting failure, individual pied flycatchers may renest with the same or a new partner. In a 2-year study, carried out in a homogeneous habitat, we removed the clutches of a total of 124 monogamous pairs to study mate fidelity. The chance of a male obtaining a new partner if the pair bond had been broken was very low, so it would be in a male's interest to retain his original mate. Females in good condition showed a greater tendency to break the pair bond, and moved longer distances for renesting, than females in poor condition. Females that had nested in the area in a previous year were more site-tenacious, though not significantly more faithful to their mates, than those that were nesting in the area for the first time. Males that succeeded in retaining their mate were characterized primarily by having black plumage, and males from which certain feathers had been removed (=handicapped) tended to lose their mates. Females preferred the same male characteristics when they chose their mates in early spring. Hence, the decision about mate fidelity is influenced by the condition of the female and the attractiveness of her mate. Some evidence was found that male parental quality was correlated with male attractiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303546
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female control of extra-pair fertilization in tree swallows (1992)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 31 (1992), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a Canadian population of tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, DNA fingerprinting has previously shown that half of all broods contain many offspring resulting from extra-pair copulations (EPCs), whereas the other half contain only legitimate offspring. This bimodal pattern of extra-pair paternity might be due to variation in the effectiveness of male paternity guards, variation in female ability to resist EPCs, and/or variation in female pursuit of EPCs. Here we report experimental evidence for female control of copulations and fertilizations and the occurrence of two alternative copulation strategies among females in this population. Ten paired male tree swallows were removed on the day their mates laid the first egg. Replacement males took over the nestbox within 0.5–23 h and attempted to copulate with the widowed female. Assuming that eggs were fertilized approximately 24 h prior to laying, the first two eggs were fertilized before the male was removed, while the third and subsequent eggs could potentially be fertilized by the replacement male. Fingerprinting revealed that the first two eggs were sired by the resident males in five nests and by extra-pair males in the remaining five nests. The widows that had been faithful to their initially chosen mate rejected copulation attempts by the replacement male until most of the eggs had been laid. Consequently, nearly all eggs laid by these females were sired by the original male. The widows that had been unfaithful prior to male removal copulated sooner with the replacement male than females that were faithful to their mate. However, these replacement males also had a very low fertilization success; most eggs were sired by males that were not associated with the nest. This is consistent with the situation in non-experimental nests where unfaithful females copulate with their mate at the same rate as faithful females, yet unfaithful females have a majority of offspring sired by extra-pair males. We conclude that fertilization patterns to a large extent are determined by the female through active selection and rejection of copulation partners, though our results also allow some speculation that females have control over sperm competition. Female copulation tactics are probably determined some currently unknown fitness benefits of having the offspring sired by particular males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166341
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual conflict over fertilizations: female bluethroats escape male paternity guards (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 43 (1998), S. 401-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key wordsLuscinia s. svecica ; Sexual conflict ; Male attractiveness ; Mate guarding ; Extra-pair paternity ; DNA fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extra-pair copulations create a potential for sexual conflict in pair-bonding birds. Here we report an experimental study of the bluethroat, Luscinia s. svecica, in which the throat ornament of males was blackened with Nyanzol D in order to reduce their sexual attractiveness and thus increase the sexual conflict over fertilizations. In an earlier study, we showed that males blackened before pairing had a lower success in attracting social mates than controls, whereas males blackened after pairing guarded their mates more intensely and sang less than controls. Here we add behavioural data from one more year on males blackened after pairing and corroborate our previous finding that the manipulation caused males to guard their mates more intensely and advertise less for additional mates. Blackened males did not suffer more intrusions from neighbouring males than did controls. Paternity analyses of the combined data set, using multilocus DNA fingerprinting and microsatellite typing, revealed that blackened males lost significantly more paternity than controls. There was also a tendency for blackened males to show a lower success in achieving extra-pair fertilizations. These results indicate that females have the upper hand in the sexual conflict over fertilizations, as females paired with unattractive males can achieve more extra-pair paternity despite the greater constraint posed by the intensified mate guarding. Still, within the blackened group, there were some indications that males guarding more intensely and singing less had higher paternity than males guarding less and singing more, suggesting a marginal positive effect of guarding for unattractive males. Male mate guarding must nevertheless be considered a best-of-a-bad-job strategy in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050507
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low frequency of extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers revealed by DNA fingerprinting (1991)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 29 (1991), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic parentage of 135 nestlings from 27 broods of polygynous and monogamous pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca was analyzed by means of multilocus DNA fingerprinting. The minisatellite probe alpha-globin 3′HVR detected approximately 12 scorable bands per fingerprint, and the proportion of bands shared between presumably unrelated adults averaged 0.22+0.08 SD. The fingerprints of 125 of the 135 nestlings made a complete match to those of their putative parents. In 4 nestlings a single mismatched band occurred, but since band sharing with both putative parents was high, the single mismatches were assumed to be caused by mutation. The 6 remaining nestlings had 5 or more mismatched bands each, low band-sharing proportions with their putative father and high band-sharing proportions with their putative mother. We thus conclude that they were all sired through extra-pair copulations (EPCs). Hence, only 4% of nestlings were sired through EPCs, and none resulted from intraspecific brood parasitism. One of the cuckolding males was identified, explaining all 5 mismatched bands in the nestling's fingerprint. Three of the illegitimate nestlings were from primary nests of polygynous males; 3 were from nests of monogamous males. The fact that many males in this study started to advertise for a second female in a distant territory several days before their first mate began egglaying, and still managed to secure almost exclusive paternity in their first brood, suggests that male polyterritoriality is not costly in terms of lost paternity. Common anti-cuckoddry tactics performed by male birds, like high rate of within-pair copulation and continuous mate-guarding thoughout the female's fertilizable period, do not seem to be important in pied flycatchers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166483
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High paternal investment in unrelated young: extra-pair paternity and male parental care in house martins (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Parental care ; Extra-pair paternity ; Delichon urbica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of males to reduced paternity has important consequences for the evolution and maintenance of a mixed reproductive strategy. Paternity is predicted to affect directly the level of male parental care in some cases but not in others. The response of males to reduced paternity will be influenced by their ability to assess their paternity, the predictability of cuckoldry and the costs and benefits of parental care. Although male house martins (Delichon urbica) provide among the highest levels of male parental care known in passerines (incubation, brooding and feeding nestlings), there was no evidence that cuckolded males substantially reduced their level of parental care, and, as a result, all young fledged successfully. Thus, extra-pair fertilizations enhanced the reproductive success of some males because they were able to parasitize the parental care of cuckolded males. We discuss several conditions which may favor extensive male parental care even when the male’s paternity is very low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0026550370103
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