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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of groundwater recharge in the city of Nottingham, UK (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 183-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Solute balance ; Urbanisation ; Sewer and water supply leakage ; Groundwater modelling ; Triassic sandstone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Groundwater is an important and valuable resource for water supply to cities. In order to make full and wise use of the asset value, a clear understanding of the quantities and sources of urban groundwater recharge is needed. The water supply and disposal network is often an important source of recharge to urban groundwater through leakage from water mains and sewers. An approach to establishing the spatial and temporal amounts of the three urban recharge sources (precipitation, mains and sewers) is developed and illustrated using the Nottingham (UK) urban aquifer. A calibrated groundwater flow model is supplemented by calibrated solute balances for three conservative species (Cl, SO4 and total N), thus providing four lines of evidence to use in the recharge estimation. Nottingham is located on a Triassic sandstone aquifer with average precipitation of 700 mm/year. Using the models, current urban recharge is estimated to be 211 mm/year, of which 138 mm/year (±40%) is from mains leakage and 10 mm/year (±100%) is from sewer leakage. The wide confidence intervals result from the scarcity of historical field data and the long turnover time in this high volume aquifer, and should be significantly lower for many other aquifer systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050414
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Protection of Urban Groundwater from Pollution (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The serious pollution of groundwater under cities is demonstrated with data from Coventry (UK), Madras (India) and Birmingham (UK). Microbiological organisms, nitrates, and organic chemicals are common, but many other pollutants are also found. The main sources are industry and inadequate sewerage. The provision of sewerage must remain a priority, on health grounds, for cities in the developing world. Virtually all industrial sites pollute the soil and groundwater through careless handling of chemicals. Industrial sites should be treated like landfills: contained and carefully monitored. If industrialists had to use groundwater from below their own sites, they would suffer the consequences of any pollution. This would also clean up the aquifer by pumping out polluted water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00735.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESTIMATING URBAN LOADS OF NITROGEN TO GROUNDWATER (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Urban areas can impose significant loads of nitrogen, as ammonium or nitrate, onto the underlying groundwater. There are many sources of nitrogen pollution, including diffuse sources (parks and gardens), intense point sources (industrial chemical spills), and multi-point sources (leaking sewers). Data on the loadings associated with the various sources are scarce, although an estimate of the overall load is available for Nottingham. For other cities, a total load could be estimated by factoring the Nottingham result, or by considering each component of the load separately. Both approaches are described, and the integrated method is recommended for its simplicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2003.tb00475.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban Ground-Water Pollution: A Case Study from Coventry, United Kingdom (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 31 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A regional ground-water quality survey from 28 wells in the Coventry area of the United Kingdom identified widespread ground-water pollution. Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (CHSs) were detected at concentrations exceeding l microgram per liter (μg/I) in all industrial and public water supply wells within the urban area. Of the CHSs analyzed, trichloroethene was most ubiquitous and was also detected at the highest concentrations, reaching a maximum of 547 μg/I at the industrial “Site A” during this study. By comparison with CHS pollution, inorganic and trace element concentrations were elevated relative to assumed baseline levels only in some industrial wells. The limited extent of inorganic contamination may be due to (1) retention of pollutants within the unsaturated zone, (2) ground-water mixing in wells, (3) ferric hydroxide precipitation resulting in heavy metal coprecipitation, and (4) sorption on sand grains coated with ferric hydroxide. For inorganic determinants, a pollution index was devised which ranked zinc and boron as primary indicators of inorganic contamination. Regionally, concentrations of CHS and inorganic determinants did not reveal any significant correlation with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01844.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Simple Analytical Approach for Predicting Nitrate Concentrations in Pumped Ground Water (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 31 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A simple analytical expression is presented which predicts how solute concentrations evolve with time in a pumped well. The basic expression is for uniform recharge and uniform concentration of a conservative solute (e.g. nitrate) in the recharge. It shows that pumped concentrations are independent of pumping rates. The expression can be developed to allow for more complex patterns of recharge and solute loading, and an example is given with three zones of recharge and concentrations, induced river recharge, and a cross-boundary inflow. Predictions are made for Edgmond Bridge, a new pumping station which lies in a drift-filled valley in the Triassic sandstone aquifer of Shropshire, UK. The model predicts that concentrations of nitrate will stay below the drinking water limit for 78 years, although this would be substantially reduced if the aquifer were significantly layered or if nitrate loads from agriculture increased. Predictions were reevaluated after two years and found to be consistent with observed patterns once actual, rather than expected, conditions were incorporated in the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01837.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identifying Land Contaminated by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper provides a method of identifying land contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents by sampling and analysing soil gas. Relationships are presented which enable levels of soil gas contamination to be related to levels of soil and groundwater pollution. Two case studies are presented. Soil gas surveying of an industrial site with severe groundwater pollution demonstrated that standards for contaminated land are insufficient to protect groundwater. Solvent levels in groundwater were one to two orders of magnitude higher than UK permitted concentrations in drinking water, whereas soil contamination values did not reach polluted levels. Surveying of a site occupied by a disused fire station showed significant differences in patterns of soil gas and groundwater pollution. This is explained by direct pollution of groundwater though the well at the site and/or possible flow of polluted groundwater to the site from adjacent areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00603.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorinated Solvents in UK Aquifers (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 4 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper reviews background data on chlorinated solvents and all published data on chlorinated solvents in UK groundwaters. New data from an aquifer-wide survey of the organic water quality of the Birmingham aquifer (carried out by the University of Birmingham and the Water Research Centre (WRc)) show that contamination by chlorinated solvents is extensive and is greater than that observed in previously published UK studies. Trichloroethylene contamination is particularly apparent in the Birmingham aquifer, with 40% of the boreholes sampled containing waters above the new UK limit for this contaminant. Fortunately the Birmingham aquifer is not used for public supply. Land use and hydrogeological factors are shown to influence the contamination observed in particular boreholes. The difficulties associated with locating contaminated zones in aquifers, due to the immiscible flow of chlorinated solvents, are indicated. It is concluded that the occurrence of chlorinated solvents in groundwaters makes a significant contribution to the poor water quality of many UK aquifers that underlie, or are close to, urban and industrial areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01385.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Groundwater Pollution from a Coal-Carbonisation Plant: Developing a Local-Scale Model using MODFLOW, MODTMR and MT3D (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 14 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effluent from a former coal-carbonisation plant in Nottinghamshire has contaminated the underlying aquifer with ammonium and organic compounds. In terms of flow and contamination, the site has experienced a complex history. MODFLOW has been used to unravel the past flow directions and to provide a basis for solute transport and biodegradation modelling. The modelling has shown that a fine grid is required to represent local flows to prevent incorrect site interpretations. A telescopic mesh technique was essential for this study to enable the site features to be adequately represented while including the regional hydrogeological influences. The influence of grid size to numerical dispersion was investigated for the MT3D computer program. The ‘method of characteristics’and ‘hybrid method of characteristics’modules of MT3D were found to be relatively free from numerical dispersion for all the grid sizes investigated. However, the ‘modified method of characteristics’suffered extensively, and a linear relationship between grid size and numerical dispersion was demonstrated for this complex model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00288.x
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  • 9
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    A probabilistic management system to optimize the use of urban groundwater (2002)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 193: 265-276.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Urban groundwater is an underused resource mostly due to the perceived risk of contamination; conversely rural groundwater is being over-exploited. To enable urban groundwater to be utilized effectively a probabilistic water management tool has been developed. The management tool combines three models to identify the best use for water pumped from a user-defined location. The probabilistic catchment zone model determines the spatial distribution of the probability that water originating from a given point in the aquifer reaches the pumping well. The land-use model then identifies the potential contaminant sources in this region from a large set of GIS-based coverages and databases. The contaminant source data are passed to a pollution risk model that calculates the probability distribution for the concentration of a contaminant at the pumped borehole. Initial model validation using contaminant concentrations from two sites shows the model fits the available field data. These case studies show there is risk from chlorinated solvents but little risk from the BTEX compounds.
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  • 10
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    Temporal variations in the depth-specific hydrochemistry and sewage-related microbiology of an urban sandstone aquifer, Nottingham, United Kingdom (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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