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  • 1
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    Variation in xylem structure from tropics to tundra: Evidence from vestured pits (2004)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-26
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    TRY - a global database of plant traits (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-21
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Vestured pits: a diagnostic character in the secondary xylem of Myrtales (2008)
    In:  Journal of Tropical Forest Science vol. 20 no. 4, pp. 147-155
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Vestures are small projections from the secondary cell wall associated with tracheary elements of the secondary xylem. They are usually associated with bordered pits and characterize various angiosperm families, including important timber species such as Dipterocarpaceae and Eucalyptus trees. The micromorphology and distribution of vestures were studied in 22 species representing all families within the order Myrtales based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Vestures are consistently present near the outer pit aperture of bordered vessel pits, suggesting the synapomorphic character of this feature for the entire order. It is unclear in which geological period this feature originated in the evolution of the pre-Myrtalean lineages. In some species vestures are associated with inner pit apertures, inner vessel walls, simple perforation plates, depressions of the cell wall and bordered pits of tracheids or fibre-tracheids. A compact network of branched vestures almost completely filling the entire pit chamber is the most common vestured pit type in Myrtales, although considerable variation may occur within a wood sample. The micromorphology of vestures seems to some extent correlated with quantitative pit characters. Understanding the exact function of vestured pits with respect to hydraulic efficiency and safety remains a challenge.
    Keywords: vestures ; wood anatomy ; bordered pits ; Myrtales ; scanning electron microscopy ; light microscopy ; tracheary elements
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Phylogenetic and ecological signals in the wood of Spathelioideae (Rutaceae) (2012)
    In:  IAWA Journal vol. 33 no. 4, pp. 337-353
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Subfamily Spathelioideae of Rutaceae constitutes a well-supported early branching clade of eight small woody genera that were formerly assigned to five different Sapindalean/Rutalean families. This study brings together detailed wood anatomical information on all eight genera (for four the wood anatomy is described for the first time in detail). Wood anatomy strongly supports the inclusion of all Spathelioid genera in Rutaceae and underpins the molecular phylogeny with a set of interesting apomorphies at different nodes of the cladogram. The wood anatomy of Cneorum tricoccon with its semi-ring porosity, dendritic vessel pattern, vascular tracheids and helical vessel wall thickenings stands out in Spathelioideae. This wood anatomical syndrome is hypothesized to be due to adaptive evolution for hydraulic safety and efficiency of this species in a typical Mediterranean climate, where similar syndromes have evolved in many unrelated clades of woody dicots. In at least six unrelated genera of Rutaceae outside Spathelioideae from Mediterranean or cool temperate and montane climates, the syndrome has also evolved in presumably parallel, adaptive evolution.
    Keywords: Cneorum ; Dictyoloma ; Harrisonia ; Sohnreyia ; Spathelia ; vessel grouping ; hydraulic safety ; prismatic crystals ; xylem rays
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 5
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    Pollination and protection against herbivory of Nepalese Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae) (2011)
    In:  American Journal of Botany vol. 98 no. 7, pp. 1095-1103
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: \xe2\x80\xa2 Premise of the Study: Although many species in the orchid genus Coelogyne are horticulturally popular, hardly anything is known about their pollination. Pollinators of three species were observed in the fi eld in Nepal. This information is urgently needed because many orchid species in Nepal are endangered. Whether the exudates produced by extrafl oral nectaries played a role in protection against herbivory was also investigated. \n\xe2\x80\xa2 Methods: Pollinators of C. fl accida , C. nitida , and Otochilus albus were filmed, captured, and identifi ed. Ant surveys and exclusion experiments were carried out. To investigate whether pollinators are needed for fruit set, plants were wrapped in mesh wire bags. Infl orescence stems were examined with microscopy. Fehling \xe2\x80\x99 s reagent was used to detect sugars in extrafl oral exudates. \n\xe2\x80\xa2 Key Results: Coelogyne fl accida and C. nitida need pollinators to set fruit and are pollinated by wild bees identifi ed as Apiscerana . Otochilus albus was found to be pollinated by Bombus kashmirensis. Extrafl oral nectar was found to be exuded by nectary-modifi ed stomata and contained high amounts of sugars. Different species of ants were observed collecting these exudates. A signifi cant difference was found in damage infl icted by fl ower and leaf-eating beetles between C. nitida plants living in trees with ant nests and those in ant-free trees. \n\xe2\x80\xa2 Conclusions: Floral syndromes include scented and colored trap fl owers without reward to their pollinators. All orchids investigated exude extrafl oral nectar by nectary-modifi ed stomata. This nectar was found to fl ow from the phloem to the stomata through intercellular spaces in the outer parenchymatous layer of the inflorescence.
    Keywords: ants ; Apis cerana ; Bombus kashmirensis ; Coelogye ; herbivory ; nectary-modified stomata ; Nepal ; Otochilus ; Pholidota ; pollination
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana (2008)
    In:  Nature genetics vol. 40 no. 12, pp. 1489-1492
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Plants have evolved annual and perennial life forms as alternative strategies to adapt reproduction and survival to environmental constraints. In isolated situations, such as islands, woody perennials have evolved repeatedly from annual ancestors1. Although the molecular basis of the rapid evolution of insular woodiness is unknown, the molecular difference between perennials and annuals might be rather small, and a change between these life strategies might not require major genetic innovations2,3. Developmental regulators can strongly affect evolutionary variation4 and genes involved in meristem transitions are good candidates for a switch in growth habit. We found that the MADS box proteins SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and FRUITFULL (FUL) not only control flowering time, but also affect determinacy of all meristems. In addition, downregulation of both proteins established phenotypes common to the lifestyle of perennial plants, suggesting their involvement in the prevention of secondary growth and longevity in annual life forms.
    Keywords: flowering-time ; meristem determinacy ; growth form ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; insular woodiness ; secondary growth ; annual life forms
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Ecological trends in the wood anatomy of Vaccinioideae (Ericaceae s.l.) (2004)
    In:  FLORA vol. 199, pp. 309-319
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The ecological wood anatomy of 128 vaccinioid wood samples (including 115 species, 35 genera), collected between 39\xc2\xb0S and 60\xc2\xb0N latitude and 10 m to 3400 m altitude is studied. Several wood anatomical features within the subfamily, viz. tangential vessel diameter, average length of tracheary elements, height of multiseriate rays, and presence of prismatic crystals are negatively correlated with increasing latitude, while vessel density and helical thickenings show a positive correlation with increasing latitude. Similar latitudinal trends are found within the genus Vaccinium (31 species studied). The correlation between various wood anatomical features and latitude is surprisingly high despite the fact that most tropical species grow in montane regions, which are rather similar to the temperate, non-tropical habitats as regards climatic conditions. Altitudinal trends, however, are weak. The impact of different life forms (shrubs, trees and lianas) and the amount of precipitation also plays a significant role in various continuous wood features. Furthermore, some of these anatomical features are correlated with each other. Part of the variation in vessel characters may be the result of functional adaptations to different climatic zones and environments, especially with respect to conductive efficiency and safety.
    Keywords: Altitude ; Ecological and functional wood anatomy ; Ericaceae ; Latitude ; Vaccinioideae ; Vaccinium
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 8
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    Wood anatomy of the Vanguerieae (Ixoroideae - Rubiaceae), with special emphasis on some geofrutices (2000)
    In:  IAWA Journal vol. 21 no. 4, pp. 443-455
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.
    Keywords: Vanguereae ; Rubiaceae ; systematic wood anatomy ; geofrutex
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    Pollen morphological variation in Vanguerieae (Ixoroideae - Rubiaceae) (2000)
    In:  Grana vol. 39, pp. 90-102
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The Vanguerieae is a large tribe of the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae) and consists of about 500 species in 27 genera. This study gives a detailed pollen morphological description of 30 species from 16 genera, based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Vanguerieae are considered to be stenopalynous, although there is some evidence to question this. First, there is a difference in sexine types that clearly de\xc2\xae nes Keetia and Psydrax ( both reticulate) , and Canthium and Vanguerieae (both perforate with very small perforations) from the other Vanguerieae investigated. Second, pollen grains corroborate the subgeneric delimitations of Canthium sensu Bridson. Pollen morphologically the tribe is characterised by ( 1) the shape of the ectoapertures which is intermediate between a colpus and a porus, and ( 2) the presence of a costa oriented perpendicular to the ectoaperture and has a form which is correlated with the shape of the costa.
    Keywords: Vanguereae ; Ixoroideae ; Rubiaceae ; pollen ; morphological variation ; stenopalynous
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 10
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    Variation in xylem structure from tropics to tundra: Evidence from vestured pits (2004)
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 101 no. 23, pp. 8833-8837
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Bordered pits play an important role in permitting water flow among adjacent tracheary elements in flowering plants. Variation in the bordered pit structure is suggested to be adaptive in optimally balancing the conflict between hydraulic efficiency (conductivity) and safety from air entry at the pit membrane (air seeding). The possible function of vestured pits, which are bordered pits with protuberances from the secondary cell wall of the pit chamber, could be increased hydraulic resistance or minimized vulnerability to air seeding. These functional hypotheses have to be harmonized with the notion that the vestured or nonvestured nature of pits contains strong phylogenetic signals (i.e., often characterize large species-rich clades with broad ecological ranges). A literature survey of 11,843 species covering 6,428 genera from diverse climates indicates that the incidence of vestured pits considerably decreases from tropics to tundra. The highest frequencies of vestured pits occur in deserts and tropical \nseasonal woodlands. Moreover, a distinctly developed network of branched vestures is mainly restricted to warm habitats in both mesic and dry (sub)tropical lowlands, whereas vestures in woody plants from cold and boreal arctic environments are usually minute and simple. A similar survey of the frequency of exclusively scalariform perforation plates illustrates that the major ecological trend of this feature is opposite that of vestured pits. These findings provide previously undescribed insights suggesting that vessels with vestured pits and simple perforation plates function as an efficient hydraulic system in plants growing in warm environments with periodical or continuous drought stress.
    Keywords: xylem structure ; vestured pits ; scalariform perforation plates ; simple perforation plates ; hydraulic system ; drought stress
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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