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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 6 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: To properly develop 2-inch diameter monitor wells, large volumes of water, drilling fluids and fine-grained materials must be removed from the sandpack and surrounding formation over short periods of time. A valved and air-vented surge plunger has been designed which can be used to effectively develop 2-inch diameter wells. The valving and air-venting concepts for surge plungers are not new, but the design concepts had to be refined to facilitate their efficient use in 2-inch diameter wells.Prototypes of the surge plunger have been field tested. The tests indicate that the design is both effective and durable as a result of its dimensions, configurations and materials. Important features of the surge plunger include: the dimensions and weight of the surge block; the thickness, layering, diameter and material of the valves and parts; and the method of attachment and design of the air-venting ports. This device is an important addition to the growing arsenal of equipment and tools for 2-inch diameter, standpipe monitoring wells.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 460-465 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During transcription, RNA polymerase (RNAP) moves processively along a DNA template, creating a complementary RNA. Here we present the development of an ultra-stable optical trapping system with ångström-level resolution, which we used to monitor transcriptional elongation ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The mechanism of substrate loading in multisubunit RNA polymerase is crucial for understanding the general principles of transcription yet remains hotly debated. Here we report the 3.0-Å resolution structures of the Thermus thermophilus elongation complex (EC) with a non-hydrolysable ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 426 (2003), S. 684-687 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) synthesizes RNA with remarkable fidelity in vivo. Its low error rate may be achieved by means of a ‘proofreading’ mechanism comprised of two sequential events. The first event (backtracking) involves a transcriptionally upstream motion of RNAP ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 352 (1991), S. 444-448 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] First, we determined the activity of E. coli RNA polymerase that had been immobilized on glass. We used a DNA template (template 1; Fig. la) that contains the very strong Al promoter of phage T7 preceding a portion of the E. coli trp leader and the rrnB Tl terminator4. RNA polymerase molecules that ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 14 (1980), S. 527-537 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: leucine transport genes ; cloning ; regulation ; rho factor ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Leucine is transported into E coli by two osmotic shock-sensitive, high-affinity systems (LIV-I and leucine-specific systems) and one membrane bound, low-affinity system (LIV-II). Expression of the high-affinity transport systems is altered by mutations in liv R and 1st R, genes for negatively acting regulatory elements, and by mutations in rho, the gene for transcription termination. All four genes for high-affinity leucine transport (livJ, livK, livH, and livG) are closely linked and have been cloned on a plasmid vector, pOX1. Several subcloned fragments of this plasmid have been prepared and used in complementation and regulation studies. The results of these studies suggest that livJ and livK are separated by approximately one kilobase and give a gene order of livJ-livK-livH. livJ and livK appear to be regulated in an interdependent fashion; livK is expressed maximally when the livJ gene is inactivated by mutation or deletion. The results support the existence of separate promoters for the livJ and livK genes. The effects of mutations in the rho and livR genes are additive on one another and therefore appear to be involved in independent regulatory mechanisms. Mutations in the rho gene affect both the LIV-I and leucinespecific transport systems by increasing the expression of livJ and livK, genes for the LIV-specific and leucine-specific binding proteins, respectively.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: leucine binding protein ; protein secretion ; proteolysis ; degradation ; site-directed mutagenesis ; membrane potential ; processing ; periplasmic proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The leucine-specific binding protein (LS-BP), a periplasmic component of the Escherichia coli high-affinity leucine transport system, is initially synthesized in a precursor form with a 23 amino acid N-terminal leader sequence that is removed during secretion of the protein into the periplasm. Using in vitro mutagenesis, deletion mutants of the LS-BP gene have been constructed with altered or missing amino acid sequences in the C-terminal portion of the protein. These altered binding proteins exhibited normal processing and secretion but were rapidly degraded in the periplasmic space. In the presence of an uncoupler of the transmembrane potential (CCCP) the precursor forms accumulated in the membrane and were protected from degradation. The altered binding proteins also were secreted by spheroplasts of E coli, after which they were easily detected.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 24 (1984), S. 345-356 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: bacterial protein secretion ; transmembrane potential ; secondary structure prediction ; protein folding ; electric field ; domain formation ; binding proteins ; periplasmic ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The synthesis and processing of the periplasmic components of the leucine transport system of E coli have been studied to determine the role played by transmembrane potential in protein secretion. Both the leucine-isoleucine-valine binding protein and the leucine-specific binding protein are synthesized as precursors with 23 amino acid N-terminal leader sequences. The processing of these precursors is sensitive to the transmembrane potential. Since the amino acid sequence and the crystal structure have been determined for the leucine-isoleucine-valine binding protein, it and the closely related leucine-specific binding protein represent convenient models in which to examine the mechanism of protein secretion in E coli. A model for secretion has been proposed, suggesting a role for transmembrane potential. In this model, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the precursor is assumed to form a hairpin of two helices. The membrane potential may orient this structure to make it accessible to processing. In addition, the model suggests that a negatively charged, folded domain of the secretory protein may electrophorese toward the trans-positive side of the membrane, thus providing an additional role for the transmembrane potential.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 29 (1985), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: amino acid transport ; binding proteins ; secretion ; gene duplication ; oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The genes encoding the leucine binding proteins in E coli have been cloned and their DNA sequences have been determined. One of the binding proteins (LIV-BP) binds leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, and alanine, whereas the oilier (LS-BP) binds only the D- and L-isomers of leucine. These proteins bind their solutes as they enter the periplasm, then interact with three membrane components, livH, livG, and livM, to achieve the translocation of the solute across the bacterial cell membrane. Another feature of the binding proteins is that they must be secreted into the periplasmic space where they carry out their function. The amino acid sequence of the two binding proteins is 80% homologous, indicating that they arc the products of an ancestral gene duplication. Because of these characteristics of the leucine binding proteins, we are using them as models for studying the relationships between protein structure and function.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 14 (1980), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: in vitro synthesis ; branched-chain amino acid binding proteins ; precursors ; processing ; periplasmic proteins ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The synthesis of the leucine-specific and LIV-binding proteins was examined in vitro in a coupled transcription/translation system using the hybrid plasmids pOX7 and pOX13 as templates. Plasmid pOX7 contains the livK gene coding for the leucine-specific binding protein, and pOX13 contains the liv J gene coding for the LIV-binding protein. Both binding proteins were synthesized in vitro as precursor forms with molecular weights approximately 2,500 greater than their respective mature forms. Conversion of the precursor forms to their mature forms occurred during post-translational incubation following synthesis in the presence of membrane. The precursor of the LIV-binding protein was processed more rapidly than the leucine-specific binding protein precursor. Processing activity could be removed from the in vitro synthesis system by centrifugation, suggesting that the processing activity was membrane associated. Restoration of post-translational processing activity was achieved by adding inside-out membrane vesicles to membrane-depleted reaction mixtures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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