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  • 1
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    Specifying and sustaining pigmentation patterns in domestic and wild cats (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-22
    Description: Color markings among felid species display both a remarkable diversity and a common underlying periodicity. A similar range of patterns in domestic cats suggests a conserved mechanism whose appearance can be altered by selection. We identified the gene responsible for tabby pattern variation in domestic cats as Transmembrane aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep), which encodes a membrane-bound metalloprotease. Analyzing 31 other felid species, we identified Taqpep as the cause of the rare king cheetah phenotype, in which spots coalesce into blotches and stripes. Histologic, genomic expression, and transgenic mouse studies indicate that paracrine expression of Endothelin3 (Edn3) coordinates localized color differences. We propose a two-stage model in which Taqpep helps to establish a periodic pre-pattern during skin development that is later implemented by differential expression of Edn3.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709578/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709578/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaelin, Christopher B -- Xu, Xiao -- Hong, Lewis Z -- David, Victor A -- McGowan, Kelly A -- Schmidt-Kuntzel, Anne -- Roelke, Melody E -- Pino, Javier -- Pontius, Joan -- Cooper, Gregory M -- Manuel, Hermogenes -- Swanson, William F -- Marker, Laurie -- Harper, Cindy K -- van Dyk, Ann -- Yue, Bisong -- Mullikin, James C -- Warren, Wesley C -- Eizirik, Eduardo -- Kos, Lidia -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- Barsh, Gregory S -- Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn -- N01-CO-12400/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1536-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acinonyx/genetics/metabolism ; Alleles ; Aminopeptidases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Cats/embryology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Endothelin-3/*genetics/metabolism ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Felidae/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Hair/embryology/growth & development ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Hair Follicle/embryology ; Haplotypes ; Metalloproteases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Panthera/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Skin/anatomy & histology/embryology/*metabolism ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-22
    Description: A population genetic survey of over 200 structural loci previously revealed that the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) has an extreme paucity of genetic variability, probably as a consequence of a severe population bottleneck in its recent past. The genetic monomorphism of the species is here extended to the major histocompatibility complex, since 14 reciprocal skin grafts between unrelated cheetahs were accepted. The apparent consequences of such genetic uniformity to the species include (i) great difficulty in captive breeding, (ii) a high degree of juvenile mortality in captivity and in the wild, and (iii) a high frequency of spermatozoal abnormalities in ejaculates. The species vulnerability of the cheetah was demonstrated by an epizootic of coronavirus-associated feline infectious peritonitis in an Oregon breeding colony in 1983. Exposure and spread of the coronavirus, which has a very low morbidity in domestic cats (approximately 1 percent), has decimated a heretofore productive and healthy captive population. The extreme genetic monomorphism, especially at the major histocompatibility complex, and the apparent hypersensitivity of the cheetah to a viral pathogen may be related, and provide a biological basis for understanding the adaptive significance of abundant genetic variation in outbred mammalian species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Roelke, M E -- Marker, L -- Newman, A -- Winkler, C A -- Meltzer, D -- Colly, L -- Evermann, J F -- Bush, M -- Wildt, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 22;227(4693):1428-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2983425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acinonyx/*genetics/immunology/physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/*genetics ; Coronaviridae Infections/genetics/immunology/*veterinary ; Disease Susceptibility/*veterinary ; Female ; Fertility ; *Genetic Variation ; Graft Rejection ; Inbreeding ; *Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Male ; Pedigree
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Cost of carnivore coexistence on communal and resettled land in Namibia (2013)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-03
    Description: SUMMARYHuman-wildlife conflict is detrimental to the conservation of threatened carnivores and the livelihoods of rural communities. This paper compares perceived levels of human-carnivore conflict experienced on five Namibian communal conservancies and four resettled farming areas. Factors explored include how reported depredation was affected by livestock husbandry practices, the perceived annual cost of depredation and the reported problem predator species. Of the 147 respondents interviewed, perceived depredation was greater than in previous studies; high perceived depredation was associated with greater rates of predator removal, increased ranking of predators as problems and increased predator sighting frequency. Small stock species were the most commonly depredated livestock. The most frequently perceived predators were: jackals on goats and sheep, wild cats on chickens, leopards on horses and spotted hyenas on cattle. The financial cost of this predation was US$508898, mostly attributable to cattle depredation, and agricultural training schemes recommending good livestock management may help reduce this cost. A move from small to large stock farming could be promoted in areas with an abundance of small- to medium-sized carnivores and a lack of large carnivores. Further incentives, such as meat provision and income from consumptive and non-consumptive tourism could ensure benefits outweigh costs of wildlife coexistence.
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    Soil microbial communities following bush removal in a Namibian savanna (2015)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Savanna ecosystems are subject to desertification and bush encroachment, which reduce the carrying capacity for wildlife and livestock. Bush thinning is a management approach that can, at least temporarily, restore grasslands and raise the grazing value of the land. In this study we examined the soil microbial communities under bush and grass in Namibia. We analyzed the soil through a chronosequence where bush was thinned at 9, 5, or 3 years before sampling. Soil microbial biomass, the biomass of specific taxonomic groups, and overall microbial community structure was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, while the community structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and fungi was determined by multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Soil under bush had higher pH, C, N, and microbial biomass than under grass, and the microbial community structure was also altered under bush compared to grass. A major disturbance to the ecosystem, bush thinning, resulted in an altered microbial community structure compared to control plots, but the magnitude of this perturbation gradually declined with time. Community structure was primarily driven by pH, C, and N, while vegetation type, bush thinning, and time since bush thinning were of secondary importance.
    Electronic ISSN: 2199-3998
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Genetic Basis for Species Vulnerability in the Cheetah (1985)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-22
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheology and mold flow of polyester sheet molding compoundPortions of this work have been presented at the 2nd World Congress Chemical Engineering. Montreal. Canada, October 1981. (1981)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 2 (1981), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flow properties of sheet molding compounds (SMC) were measured by several rhemeters. Shear viscosities of SMC paste can be fitted by the Carreau viscosity equation and reduced to a single master curve by plotting the reduced shear viscosity (η/η0) against reduced shear rate (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} η0/T). The deformation fo glass filled compounds under extensional forces. When the shear forced was applied, the compound defomed like a deck of cards being slid. It behaved essentially like a laminate of many layers. On the other hand, SMC compounds elongated much less before sample failure occurred under the extensional flow. The extensional viscosity was much higher than the shear viscosity. This phenomenon was explained by a solid composite theory and theories developed from local shear flows between adjacent fibers. The flow of SMC compounds during molding showed that the surface layers flowed further than the inner layers when the mold surfaces were hot. This casued inner plies to show through at the surface and resulting in some wavy glass orientation. This phenomenon was explained equalitatively by a heat penetration model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750020412
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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