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  • 1
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    Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the antarctic fast Ice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: The hunting behavior of a marine mammal was studied beneath the Antarctic fast ice with an animal-borne video system and data recorder. Weddell seals stalked large Antarctic cod and the smaller subice fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki, often with the under-ice surface for backlighting, which implies that vision is important for hunting. They approached to within centimeters of cod without startling the fish. Seals flushed P. borchgrevinki by blowing air into subice crevices or pursued them into the platelet ice. These observations highlight the broad range of insights that are possible with simultaneous recordings of video, audio, three-dimensional dive paths, and locomotor effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis -- Fuiman -- Williams -- Collier -- Hagey -- Kanatous -- Kohin -- Horning -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):993-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, TX 77553, USA. Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. Department of Biology, EMS-A316, Universi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Locomotor activity by diving marine mammals is accomplished while breath-holding and often exceeds predicted aerobic capacities. Video sequences of freely diving seals and whales wearing submersible cameras reveal a behavioral strategy that improves energetic efficiency in these animals. Prolonged gliding (greater than 78% descent duration) occurred during dives exceeding 80 meters in depth. Gliding was attributed to buoyancy changes with lung compression at depth. By modifying locomotor patterns to take advantage of these physical changes, Weddell seals realized a 9.2 to 59.6% reduction in diving energetic costs. This energy-conserving strategy allows marine mammals to increase aerobic dive duration and achieve remarkable depths despite limited oxygen availability when submerged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, T M -- Davis, R W -- Fuiman, L A -- Francis, J -- Le Boeuf, B J -- Horning, M -- Calambokidis, J -- Croll, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):133-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, EMS-A316, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. williams@darwin.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Diving/*physiology ; Dolphins/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Lung/physiology ; Lung Volume Measurements ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Seals, Earless/*physiology ; Swimming/*physiology ; Video Recording ; Whales/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light intensity and schooling behaviour in larval gulf menhaden (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Schooling behaviour was examined in larval gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus under decreasing and increasing light intensities and related to movements of retinal photoreceptors and pigment. Nearest neighbour angles and nearest neighbour distances between fish were inversely related to light intensity and were independent of the direction of intensity change. Swimming speeds of individual fish were directly related to light intensity when intensity was decreased but did not increase when intensity was raised. The changes in nearest neighbour angles and distances more closely paralleled movements of retinal pigment cells than cone cell migration, suggesting that rod photoreceptors play a greater role than cones in determining the threshold light intensity for schooling. A general model is developed relating the threshold light intensity for schooling to eye diameter for a number of different species and the implications of this relationship are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01491.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility of Atlantic herring and plaice larvae to predation by juvenile cod and herring at two constant temperatures (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 44 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Predation encounters were staged in the laboratory to compare prey responsiveness, predator error rate, and predator capture success for juvenile cod Gadus morhua (a suction feeder) and herring Clupea harengus (a biting predator) preying on herring and plaice Pleuronectes platessa larvae. Trials were conducted at near natural temperature extremes for the larvae (8 and 13°C) to assess the importance of water temperature to the interaction. Herring larvae were significantly more responsive to attacks by herring than were plaice larvae (5·7 vs 0′0%). The two prey species were equally responsive to attacks by cod (2–6 vs 10%). Cod caught 91% of herring larvae attacked and juvenile herring caught 87%. Cod were successful in 96% of attacks on plaice, but juvenile herring caught significantly fewer (83%) plaice larvae. For each predator species, capture success did not vary significantly with prey species. Overall capture success for herring was significantly lower than that for cod. Responsiveness of herring larvae to attacks by juvenile herring increased with temperature, but predator error rate and capture success were not altered by water temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01582.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interplay of ontogeny and scaling in the interactions of fish larvae and their predators (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 45 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this review and synthesis, new data from field and laboratory experiments on red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, larvae as prey to larger fishes are presented to illustrate two approaches to the study of developmental effects on predation. Various sizes and species of predatory fishes imposed very different levels of mortality on experimental populations of red drum larvae. Differences in predator size explained little of the overall variation in mortality rates. In the laboratory, responsiveness of red drum to a single size and species of predatory fish was relatively low through much of the developmental period but increased steadily. Response effectiveness improved and the predator's capture success decreased once the prey exceeded 20 mm in length. General ontogenetic trends in the behavioural interaction of various larvae and their piscine predators are described by combining 22 data sets on a scale of roughly comparable ontogenetic state. This scale, together with absolute and relative measures of predator and prey size, are used to assess the roles of ontogeny and scaling in the predation interaction. Ontogeny is shown to be a significant contributor to changes in responsiveness, response effectiveness, and capture success. The influence of scaling always took the form of an interaction with ontogeny and not a main effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01084.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of routine swimming speed and startle responses in red drum, with a comparison of responses to acoustic and visual stimuli (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 55 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Routine swimming speed of larval red drum Sciaenops ocellatus increased throughout development but most rapidly for larvae 〉10 mm LT. Red drum of all sizes swam faster than predicted by published summary equations based on other species, possibly due to more advanced development at a given length. Frequency and magnitude of startle responses increased over the larval period for both types of stimuli with most of the improvement taking place before larvae reached 8 mm LT. Time to response for an acoustic and visual stimulus decreased early in the larval period but levelled off after 10 mm LT. Response distance and response speed for both stimuli generally increased throughout the larval period, but response duration remained constant. Visually stimulated responses were generally longer in duration and distance covered than acoustically stimulated responses, while mean response speeds were similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb01057.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of temperature on evasive responses of Atlantic herring larvae attacked by yearling herring, Clupea harengus L. (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 39 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Predation encounters were staged in the laboratory between yearling herring, Clupea harengus L., 66 to 104 mm t.l., and herring larvae, 8 to 30 mm t.l.., at 8,11 and 14o C. Video records were used to quantify prey behaviour. Prey responsiveness, reactive distance, response latency, and apparent looming threshold were not affected by temperature. Response speeds increased with temperature. Predator error rate and capture success showed no consistent thermal effects. Although the experiments could not fully evaluate the influence of temperature on the predators, results suggest that the predator's performance largely governs the outcome of an attack on a larva and that higher temperatures favour the predator by increasing the frequency of its encounter with prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04344.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural variation in elemental composition of sagittae from red drum (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Concentrations of calcium, strontium, sodium, and potassium were measured along chronological transects of sectioned sagittae from adult red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), using a wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe. Coarse sampling involved triplicate measurements at the centre of each opaque (winter) and translucent (summer) zone. Fine sampling was performed in duplicate at equidistant points (15 μm apart) spanning four opaque zones (3 years of life). Concentrations of strontium generally increased with distance from the core (age). Other elements showed no consistent long-term trends. Sodium and potassium showed consistent differences between winter and summer otolith zones for ages 6 to 15, but calcium and strontium did not show this seasonal difference. Sampling through these zones on a finer spatial scale confirmed the winter/summer differences as cyclic trends. There was general concordance between annual variation in sodium and potassium concentrations in otoliths and concurrent trends in sea temperature, but significant departures in agreement suggested that temperature was not the immediate determinant of sodium and potassium incorporation. It is suggested that the roughly seasonal patterns of variation in otolith sodium and potassium concentrations may be a result of reproductive activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06020.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth gradients in fish larvae (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 23 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Relative growth intensity of various longitudinally measured body segments in larvae of several species of fishes was distributed across the body in a continuous, U-shaped gradient. Juveniles lacked a simple pattern of growth but appeared to grow nearly isometrically. Body depth exhibited a shallow, U-shaped gradient while body width lacked a discernible pattern. Most intense growth, in three orthogonal planes, occurred posteriorly, probably promoting effective swimming early in life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02886.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval development of five species of blenny (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from the western central North Atlantic, with a synopsis of blennioid family characters (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 66 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Light trap collections on oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana from 1995 to 1997 contained young of tessellated blenny Hypsoblennius invemar, freckled blenny Hypsoblennius ionthas, featherduster blenny Hypleurochilus multifilis, molly miller Scartella cristata and seaweed blenny Parablennius marmoreus, which are described. Interspecific differences were: number of dorsal, anal, pelvic and caudal fin elements; number of mandibular pores; presence or absence of canine teeth, hypural 5 and pectoral fin pigment; width of gill openings; length of preopercular spines (in larvae). Size at settlement differed among some taxa, but all five species settled within a narrow size window of c. 1·5 mm standard length (LS). Hypsoblennius invemar, H. ionthas, H. multifilis and S. cristata settled at mean sizes between 11·3 and 12·1 mm LS, whereas P. marmoreus settled at a mean size of 19·3 mm LS. Sexually dimorphic differences were consistently evident by 17–18 mm LS in all species but P. marmoreus. The two smallest blennies with external characters normally associated with sexual maturity were a 20 mm male and 21 mm female H. multifilis. Primary caudal fin rays began to bifurcate between 17·0 and 18·3 mm LS in H. invemar, H. ionthas, H. multifilis and S. cristata. Hypleurochilus multifilis displayed the external characteristics of being sexually mature at 20–21 mm LS. Thus, bifurcation of primary caudal fin rays was an indicator of approaching sexual maturity in H. multifilis and this may also be true in the other species studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00675.x
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