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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air temperature at ocean surface derived from surface-level humidity (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 51 (1995), S. 619-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new method deriving surface air temperature from specific humidity is proposed. Surface atmospheric pressure and relative humidity in addition to specific humidity are necessary in order to derive surface air temperature. Assuming effects of variation of atmospheric pressure and relative humidity are small, climatological values are used for those values. Derived surface air temperature is compared with in situ surface air temperature. A cross-correlation coefficient is high and the rms error is small. However, the agreement between them varies spatially. The errors are largest in the eastern equatorial region and high-latitudes. The former may be caused by a large sampling error and remarkable internannual variation related to ENSO phenomena. On the other hand, the latter may be related to sensitivity of saturated vapor curve to air temperature. Sensible heat fluxes are estimated by using derived surface air temperature and compared with that by in situ data. For the whole North Pacific, a cross-correlation coefficient, a mean error and an rms difference are 0.89 W m−2, 0.58 W m−2 and 8.03 W m−2, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235456
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continental shelf waves off the fukushima coast Part I: Observations (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 37 (1981), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current records obtained in the inshore region along the Fukushima coast are analyzed. The existence of periodical current fluctuations whose period is about 100 hours and whose amplitude is as large as 15–25cm s−1 is recognized. Auto-spectral analyses are made also for sea level, atmospheric pressure and wind records. Each spectrum has significant peaks at the similar period to the current spectrum. The wind spectrum has a broad peak compared with the current. The periodical current fluctuations propagate southward with speed of 3–5 km h−1. These propagation speeds seem to correspond to those of the second-and third-mode shelf waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02070581
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continental shelf waves off the Fukushima coast (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 38 (1982), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Past observations and theories have indicated the importance of the constitution of the lowest-mode of shelf waves to the velocity field. However, significant contributions of the higher mode waves to current velocity fluctuations in the vicinity of the coast are suggested in observational results obtained along the Fukushima coast in Pt. I of this study (Kubota et al., 1981). To understand the importance of the higher modes, the generation of shelf waves is investigated theoretically by two methods. First, the generation of long shelf waves by monochromatic forcing is examined, and it is concluded that near the coast the second mode's contribution to the longshore velocity is the largest for the Fukushima coast. Second, the response of shelf waves to broad-band forcing is investigated by taking the dispersive characteristics of shelf waves into consideration. It is concluded that shelf waves with zero group velocity are selectively excited if the forcing has a broad-band spectrum. According to observational results obtained along the Fukushima coast, the wind spectrum has a broad peak at about 100 hours (Kubota et al., 1981). Since the third mode of shelf waves has zero group velocity around the period of 100 hours, the third mode can be selectively generated off the Fukushima coast. From this it is suggested that the Fukushima coast is in the forced region and that observed current fluctuations are motions associated with the second- and third-mode shelf waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02114537
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continental shelf waves off the Fukushima coast (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 41 (1985), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Numerical experiments are performed on shelf waves forced by wind stress with a spectral peak around a period of 100 hr. Water depth in the numerical model is a function of offshore distance only and resembles a bathymetric profile off the Fukushima coast. A pair of vortices alined in the offshore direction and a large vortex are reproduced and they propagate southward outside the forced region. Judging from the propagation speed, the former corresponds to the second-mode and the latter to the first-mode shelf waves. In the forced region, the propagation speed of a trough and a ridge is slow, 3–5km hr−1. These propagation characteristics reproduce those observed along the Fukushima coast and this propagation speed corresponds to that of second-and third-mode shelf waves. Thus, it is concluded that the periodical current fluctuations observed in the inshore region along the Fukushima coast are due to motions associated with the second-and third-mode shelf waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109180
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A statistical method to get surface level air-temperature from satellite observations of precipitable water (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 49 (1993), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ten-day mean surface level air-temperature from SSMI precipitable water (SSMI-T a ) has been derived and compared with the temperature from two ocean data buoys (Buoy-T a ) of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) for a period of six months (July–December, 1988). Statistical relations between air-temperature and mixing ratio, using data from ocean data buoys are used to derive air-temperature from mixing ratio, obtained from SSMI precipitable water. For getting the mixing ratio from precipitable water, regional mixing ratio-precipitable water relations have been used, instead of global relation proposed by Liu (1986). The rms errors (standard deviation of the difference between SSMI-T a and Buoy-T a ) for two buoy locations are found to be 1.15 and 1.12°C, respectively. Surface level temperature for the two buoy locations are also derived using direct regression relation between Buoy-T a and precipitable water. The rms errors of the SSMI-T a , in this case are found to be reduced to 1.0°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237461
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Vector Winds Observed by NSCAT in the Seas around Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 56 (2000), S. 495-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: NSCAT ; scatterometer ; surface wind vectors ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In order to validate wind vectors derived from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), two NSCAT wind products of different spatial resolutions are compared with observations by buoys and research vessels in the seas around Japan. In general, the NSCAT winds agree well with the wind data from the buoys and vessels. It is shown that the root-mean-square (rms) difference between NSCAT-derived wind speeds and the buoy observations is 1.7 ms−1, which satisfies the mission requirement of accuracy, 2 ms−1. However, the rms difference of wind directions is slightly larger than the mission requirement, 20°. This result does not agree with those of previous studies on validation of the NSCAT-derived wind vectors using buoy observations, and is considered to be due to differences in the buoy observation systems. It is also shown that there are no significant systematic trends of the NSCAT wind speed and direction depending on the wind speed and incidence angle. Comparison with ship winds shows that the NSCAT wind speeds are lower than those observed by the research vessels by about 0.7 ms−1 and this bias is twice as large for data observed by moving ships than by stationary ships. This result suggests that the ship winds may be influenced by errors caused by ship's motion, such as pitching and rolling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011192725800
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation in the upper layer thickness of the tropical Pacific ocean model (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 48 (1992), S. 59-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variation in the tropical Pacific is studied by use of climatological monthly mean data of upper layer thickness of a linear reduced-gravity model with realistic basin geometry. Complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis is applied to the data on a closed circuit which consists of the equator, eastern boundary, 7° latitude, and western boundary. The first and second CEOF represent the annual and semiannual variations, respectively. At the equator, absolute maximum anomalies associated with the first CEOF can be found near 160°W in spring and fall. Westward propagation of the annual variation is remarkable west of 130°W. However, similar westward propagation cannot be detected in either the eastern or western part of the equator. Maximum anomalies at 7° and the equator can be found in similar longitude and time. These maxima at both latitudes originate from the annual variation of Ekman pumping associated with the meridional movement of wind fields. We also decomposed the model results into Kelvin and Rossby modes. The Kelvin mode is characterized by seminnual variation, while first and third-mode Rossby waves have annual variations. In the present results, first and third-mode Rossby waves do not appear to be a trigger for Kelvin waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02234032
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new cloud detection algorithm for nighttime AVHRR/HRPT data (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 50 (1994), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new cloud detection algorithm for nighttime Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data has been developed and applied to a large number of images from various locations around Japan. The algorithm is characterized by a recovery function and the use of a two-dimensional histogram. Results obtained after applying the algorithm are presented and compared with those of previous algorithms. The comparison reveals that the new algorithm appears to be more successful than the previous algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02233854
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-period topographic trapped waves in a two-layer ocean with basic flow (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 33 (1977), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of free topographic trapped waves are investigated numerically for a two-layer model with basic flow, which is uniform, geostrophically balanced motion flowing parallel to the coast. Six modes are identified for this model with depth variations. They are external and internal Kelvin modes, a topographic Rossby mode, and additional three modes. The two of the additional modes are interesting. The first one is a quasi-geostrophic surface-trapped mode, while the second one is a quasi-geostrophic bottom-trapped mode. It is suggested that baroclinic instability takes place when these two modes take a resonance coupling each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109692
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consideration on the topographic control of a baroclinic ocean current (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 34 (1978), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stability of ocean currents is considered using a two-layer model including the vertical shear in the geostrophic balance and bottom topography. Applying the results, the Kuroshio current along the bottom contour seems to be more stable than any other combination of the current direction and the bottom contour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111179
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