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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate change Tropical flip-flop connections (2004)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 684-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Every few years, the semi-arid but densely populated region of northeastern Brazil experiences severe drought. In 1997–98, exacerbated by poor distribution of resources, such an event caused great hardship. And in the catastrophic drought of 1877–79, hundreds of thousands of people ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432684a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 431 (2004), S. 56-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02903
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  • 3
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    Climate extremes and predicted warming threaten Mediterranean Holocene firs forests refugia (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-06
    Description: Warmer and drier climatic conditions are projected for the 21st century; however, the role played by extreme climatic events on forest vulnerability is still little understood. For example, more severe droughts and heat waves could threaten quaternary relict tree refugia such as Circum-Mediterranean fir forests (CMFF). Using tree-ring data and a process-based model, we characterized the major climate constraints of recent (1950–2010) CMFF growth to project their vulnerability to 21st-century climate. Simulations predict a 30% growth reduction in some fir species with the 2050s business-as-usual emission scenario, whereas growth would increase in moist refugia due to a longer and warmer growing season. Fir populations currently subjected to warm and dry conditions will be the most vulnerable in the late 21st century when climatic conditions will be analogous to the most severe dry/heat spells causing dieback in the late 20th century. Quantification of growth trends based on climate scenarios could allow defining vulnerability thresholds in tree populations. The presented predictions call for conservation strategies to safeguard relict tree populations and anticipate how many refugia could be threatened by 21st-century dry spells.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    CO2 fertilization and enhanced drought resistance in Greek firs from Cephalonia Island, Greece (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-10
    Description: Growth-climate relationships were investigated in Greek firs from Ainos Mountain on the island of Cephalonia in western Greece, using dendrochronology. The goal was to test whether tree growth is sensitive to moisture stress, whether such sensitivity has been stable through time, and whether any changes in growth-moisture relationships support an influence of atmospheric CO 2 on growth. Regressions of tree-ring indices (AD 1820–2007) with instrumental temperature, precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) indicate that growth is fundamentally limited by growing-season moisture in late spring/early summer, most critically during June. However this simple picture obscures a pattern of sharply evolving growth-climate relationships during the 20 th century. Correlations between growth and June temperature, precipitation, and PDSI were significantly greater in the early 20 th century but later degraded and disappeared. By the late 20 th –early 21 st century there remains no statistically significant relationship between moisture and growth implying markedly enhanced resistance to drought. Moreover growth experienced a net increase over the last half-century culminating with a sharp spike in AD 1988–1990. This recent growth acceleration is evident in the raw ring-width data prior to standardization, ruling out artifacts from statistical detrending. The vanishing relationship with moisture and parallel enhancement of growth are all the more notable because they occurred against a climatic backdrop of increasing aridity. The results are most consistent with a significant CO 2 fertilization effect operating through restricted stomatal conductance and improved water use efficiency. If this interpretation is correct, atmospheric CO 2 is now overcompensating for growth declines anticipated from drier climate, suggesting its effect is unusually strong and likely to be detectable in other up-to-date tree-ring chronologies from the Mediterranean. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Deep‐sea oxygen depletion and ocean carbon sequestration during the last ice age (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Enhanced ocean carbon storage during the Pleistocene ice ages lowered atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 80 to 100 ppm relative to interglacial levels. Leading hypotheses to explain this phenomenon invoke a greater efficiency of the ocean's biological pump, in which case carbon storage in the deep sea would have been accompanied by a corresponding reduction in dissolved oxygen. We exploit the sensitivity of organic matter preservation in marine sediments to bottom water oxygen concentration to constrain the level of dissolved oxygen in the deep central equatorial Pacific Ocean during the last glacial period (18,000 – 28,000 years BP) to have been within the range of 20‐50 μmol/kg, much less than modern value of ca. 168 μmol/kg. We further demonstrate that reduced oxygen levels characterized the water column below a depth of ~1000 m. Converting the ice‐age oxygen level to an equivalent concentration of respiratory CO2, and extrapolating globally, we estimate that deep‐sea CO2 storage during the last ice age exceeded modern values by as much as 850 PgC, sufficient to balance the loss of carbon from the atmosphere (ca. 200 PgC) and from the terrestrial biosphere (ca. 300‐600 PgC). In addition, recognizing the enhanced preservation of organic matter in ice‐age sediments of the deep Pacific Ocean helps reconcile previously unexplained inconsistencies among different geochemical and micropaleontological proxy records used to assess past changes in biological productivity of the ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    El Nino-like pattern in ice age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the cold tongue of the eastern equatorial Pacific exert powerful controls on global atmospheric circulation patterns. We examined climate variability in this region from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present, using a SST record reconstructed from magnesium/calcium ratios in foraminifera from sea-floor sediments near the Galapagos Islands. Cold-tongue SST varied coherently with precession-induced changes in seasonality during the past 30,000 years. Observed LGM cooling of just 1.2 degrees C implies a relaxation of tropical temperature gradients, weakened Hadley and Walker circulation, southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and a persistent El Nino-like pattern in the tropical Pacific. This is contrasted with mid-Holocene cooling suggestive of a La Nina-like pattern with enhanced SST gradients and strengthened trade winds. Our results support a potent role for altered tropical Pacific SST gradients in global climate variations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koutavas, Athanasios -- Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean -- Marchitto, Thomas M Jr -- Sachs, Julian P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):226-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. athan@ldeo.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Dynamical excitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and ENSO variability by Little Ice Age cooling (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Tropical Pacific Ocean dynamics during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) are poorly characterized due to a lack of evidence from the eastern equatorial Pacific. We reconstructed sea surface temperature, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity, and the tropical Pacific zonal gradient for the past millennium from Galapagos ocean sediments. We document a mid-millennium shift (MMS) in ocean-atmosphere circulation around 1500-1650 CE, from a state with dampened ENSO and strong zonal gradient to one with amplified ENSO and weak gradient. The MMS coincided with the deepest LIA cooling and was probably caused by a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone. The peak of the MCA (900-1150 CE) was a warm period in the eastern Pacific, contradicting the paradigm of a persistent La Nina pattern.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rustic, Gerald T -- Koutavas, Athanasios -- Marchitto, Thomas M -- Linsley, Braddock K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1537-41. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9937. Epub 2015 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. Doctoral Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA. grustic@ldeo.columbia.edu. ; Department of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. Doctoral Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Climate extremes and predicted warming threaten Mediterranean Holocene firs forests refugia [Ecology] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-22
    Description: Warmer and drier climatic conditions are projected for the 21st century; however, the role played by extreme climatic events on forest vulnerability is still little understood. For example, more severe droughts and heat waves could threaten quaternary relict tree refugia such as Circum-Mediterranean fir forests (CMFF). Using tree-ring data and...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    El Niño–Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-15
    Description: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest engine of interannual climate variability on the planet, yet its past behavior and potential for future change are poorly understood and vigorously contested. Reconstructions of past ENSO are indispensable for testing climate models tasked with predicting future ENSO activity in a warming world, but suitable geologic archives are scarce, especially for the last glacial period. Here we reconstruct mean climate and ENSO variability in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from oxygen isotopic ratios (δ18O) of individual foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediments. Our results document coordinated adjustments of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system between two diametrically opposite states: an “amplified ENSO” state in the LGM associated with a reduced zonal temperature gradient, and a “damped ENSO” state in the Mid-Holocene with enhanced gradient. Orbital precession provided the switch between these states and acted as the dominant external driver of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system in the past 25,000 years. The linked response of the mean state and variability to orbital forcing provides an integrated framework for testing ENSO theory and models.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    El Niño–Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: [1]  The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest engine of interannual climate variability on the planet, yet its past behavior and potential for future change are poorly understood and vigorously contested. Reconstructions of past ENSO are indispensable for testing climate models tasked with predicting future ENSO activity in a warming world, but suitable geologic archives are scarce, especially for the last glacial period. Here we reconstruct mean climate and ENSO variability in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from oxygen isotopic ratios ( δ 18 O) of individual foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediments. Our results document coordinated adjustments of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system between two diametrically opposite states: an “amplified ENSO” state in the LGM associated with a reduced zonal temperature gradient, and a “damped ENSO” state in the Mid-Holocene with enhanced gradient. Orbital precession provided the switch between these states and acted as the dominant external driver of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system in the past 25,000 years. The linked response of the mean state and variability to orbital forcing provides an integrated framework for testing ENSO theory and models.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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