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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deregulation of a Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent kinase leads to spontaneous nodule development (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 441 (2006), S. 1153-1156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Induced development of a new plant organ in response to rhizobia is the most prominent manifestation of legume root-nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here we show that the complex root-nodule organogenic programme can be genetically deregulated to trigger de novo nodule formation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04862
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastid proteins crucial for symbiotic fungal and bacterial entry into plant roots (2005)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 433 (2005), S. 527-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The roots of most higher plants form arbuscular mycorrhiza, an ancient, phosphate-acquiring symbiosis with fungi, whereas only four related plant orders are able to engage in the evolutionary younger nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with bacteria. Plant symbioses with bacteria and fungi ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03237
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 420 (2002), S. 426-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Symbiotic root nodules are beneficial to leguminous host plants; however, excessive nodulation damages the host because it interferes with the distribution of nutrients in the plant. To keep a steady balance, the nodulation programme is regulated systemically in leguminous hosts. Leguminous ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01231
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of [13C]-labelled photosynthate in plant cytosol and bacteroids of root nodules of Glycine max (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 68 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Well-nodulated soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Akisengoku) plants were allowed to assimilate 13CO2. Plant cytosol and bacteroid fractions were isolated from nodules, and the kinetics of [13C]-labelling of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids were investigated.The concentrations of all metabolites, with the exception of trehalose and 3-hydroxy-butyrate, were 10- to 1000-fold higher in plant cell cytosol than in bacteroids. The major portion of trehalose was found in bacteroids and 3-hydroxybutyrate only in bacteroids. Sucrose was most highly labelled with 13C in nodules, and the levels and time-course of labelling of sucrose were in good agreement with those of respired CO2 from the nodules. The levels and time-courses of labelling of sucrose were closely similar in cytosol and bacteroids. Glucose was less labelled than sucrose and the level of labelling was consistently higher in cytosol than in bacteroids. The levels of [13C]-labelling of organic acids and amino acids in nodules were lower than those of sucrose and of respired CO2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, particularly succinate, were considerably less labelled in bacteroids than in the cytosol. All amino acids detected were also much more rapidly labelled in the cytosol. The results are discussed in relation to the utilization and possible compartmentation of carbon substrates in nodule tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb01920.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and enzymological characterization of infected and uninfected cell protoplasts from root nodules of Glycine max (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 73 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Infected and uninfected cell protoplasts were isolated from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Akisengoku) root nodules and purified by the use of nylon mesh filters and discontinuous Percoll gradients. Activities of the enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism were measured in cytoplasmic fractions of purified protoplasts, as well as in the bacteroids isolated from infected cell protoplasts and in the cortical tissues after enzymatic digestion of the central zone of the nodules.A high degree of purity of both infected and uninfected cells was demonstrated by microscopic observations and assays of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) activities and leghemoglobin contents.As a whole, higher specific activities of enzymes of glycolysis were found in the cortical and uninfected cells than in the infected cells. The activities of glycolytic enzymes were extremely low in the bacteroids. Invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) was highly localized in the cortex. However, activity of sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) was highest in the cytosol of infected cells. Alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) activities were much higher in uninfected than in infected cells. Specific activities of enzymes for nitrogen assimilation, that is, glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14), aspartate (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine (EC 2.6.1.2) aminotransferase were several-fold higher in uninfected cells than in the infected cells.The results are discussed in relation to the possible cellular organization of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in soybean root nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb00606.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogen fixation of hydroponically cultured Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. OAC Rico and a supernodulating mutant (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 189 (1993), S. 538-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbohydrate and nitrogen distribution ; Nitrate ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to determine how carbon utilization of fruit production might affect symbiotic activity in hydroponically cultured white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Rico and its supernodulating genotype R32-BS15 (abbreviated as RBS15). Total plant biomass production of both genotypes was similar. Nodule dry weight of RBS15 consistently scored approximately twice the amount recorded for Rico, while nodule numbers in the mutant were almost six times as high. Nodule respiration on a per-plant basis and specific respiration was initially (day 37) disproportionally higher in the mutant, reaching up to three times the values recorded for Rico, while plant N2 fixation estimated by 15N dilution was almost identical. This indicates a lower fixation efficiency of RBS15 nodules, which we suggest to be a result of the larger number of smaller nodules with a higher proportion of growth and maintenance respiration per unit nodule mass. During reproductive development, specific respiration of the mutant dropped below that of Rico without a reduction in fixation, indicating a change in relative efficiency of fixation. Continuous removal of fruits from day 37 onwards stimulated respiration of nodules in both genotypes with highest values per plant being documented for RBS15, while specific activity was higher for Rico. The results indicate that symbiotic activity was not detrimentally affected by competition for carbohydrates between fruits and nodules. It appeared that nodules did not possess excess N2-fixation capacity which could be stimulated by additional provision of photosynthate. Hence, the early onset of reproduction during the life cycle of P. vulgaris is unlikely to be responsible for inadequate fixation performance in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198217
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogen fixation of hydroponically cultured Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. OAC Rico and a supernodulating mutant (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 189 (1993), S. 546-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbon partitioning ; Nodule and root respiration ; Sink removal ; Starch ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Whole plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Rico and the supernodulating genotype RBS15 were incubated in 13CO2 during vegetative or reproductive development, thus permitting an evaluation under steady-state conditions of the respiration and partitioning of recently fixed carbon (RFC) among plant organs, and its incorporation into sucrose and starch. Irrespective of developmental stage and treatment, symbiotic activity of RBS15 nodules required generally more RFC than those of Rico. Recently fixed carbon was mostly translocated to nodules, but partly retained in the laminae as starch during vegetative growth. The amounts of RFC in sucrose of roots, stems and petioles were larger than quantities in starch in both genotypes. While in the reproductive stage fruits became substantial sinks for RFC, high amounts of RFC were maintained as sucrose in roots, stems and petioles. Thus, P. vulgaris tissue contained a considerable amount of sucrose which was replenished by RFC. Substantial changes occurred in both genotypes with plant age. During vegetative growth, relative specific activity (RSA; percentage of RFC in total C) of nodule respiration was similar to the RSA values of sucrose in nodules. However, this relationship changed in the reproductive stage. The RSA of root respiration was lower than values of root sucrose at both developmental stages, indicating a higher dependence of roots on reserve carbon. Different diurnal patterns of RSA during vegetative and reproductive growth point to changes in utilization of RFC with plant age. Younger specimens respired RFC in similar proportions irrespective of the time of the day, while older plants respired primarily RFC during the day and more stored carbohydrates during the night. This shift in the diurnal pattern of RFC requirement indicates changes in the importance of RFC for N2 fixation during the course of plant development. To study the sink effect of reproductive organs on nodule respiration, one set of plants was maintained without fruits. This treatment resulted in an increased allocation of RFC to laminae associated with higher fixation of 13CO2 in both genotypes, and in an elevated respiratory utilization of RFC by the nodules of RBS15. The data indicate that despite the importance of RFC for N2 fixation, its increased availability to nodules in response to fruit removal failed to stimulate symbiotic activity in both investigated genotypes of P. vulgaris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198218
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of nodulin genes in plant-determined ineffective nodules of pea (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 1027-1038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: leghemoglobin ; mutant ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulin gene ; pea ; sym 13
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mutant E135 (sym 13) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) forms a normal number of small white nodules that contain bacteroids, but these bacteroids lack nitrogenase activity. To evaluate the effects of the sym 13 gene on the expression of nodulin genes, cDNA clones for nodulins were isolated from pea nodules and the expression of nodulin genes in ineffective E135 nodules was compared with that in nitrogen-fixing nodules on the wild-type parent, cv. Sparkle. Nineteen cDNA clones for nodulins, including ENOD2 and cDNAs for two distinct leghemoglobins (Lbs), were isolated from Sparkle nodules by a subtractive hybridization procedure. All the nodulin genes examined were expressed in nodules on both E135 and Sparkle plants. However, the level of expression of seven genes, one of which was an Lb gene that corresponded to PsN5, was significantly lower in E135 nodules. The levels of Lb apo-proteins, with the exception of Lb-III and Lb-IV, in E135 nodules resembled those in Sparkle nodules, but the level of heme in E135 nodules was lower than that in Sparkle nodules. Although the expression of the two Lb genes that corresponded to PsN5 and PsN120 in E135 nodules was slightly derepressed by exogenous ammonia, the level of the PsN5 transcript was still lower than the control level in Sparkle nodules. Our results indicate that the plant gene sym 13 does not influence the induction of nodulin genes but does influence the level of the expression of some genes, one of which is a gene for Lb, as well as the level of heme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032664
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding mitochondrial phosphate transporters in soybean, maize, rice, and Arabidopsis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 479-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: dicot ; mitochondria ; N-ethylmaleimide ; monocot ; phosphate transporter ; reconstitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA clones encoding mitochondrial phosphate transporters were isolated from four herbaceous plants. The cDNAs for the soybean, maize and rice transporters contained entire coding regions, whereas the Arabidopsis cDNA lacked the 5′ portion. The hydropathy profiles of the deduced amino acid sequences predicted the existence of six membrane-spanning domains which are highly conserved in the mitochondrial transporter family. In soybeans, the mRNA level for the transporter was high in tissues containing dividing cells. It was suggested that there are multiple copies of transporter genes in both dicots and monocots. The soybean transporter was expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli, solubilized with detergents, and then reconstituted into liposomes. The resulting proteoliposomes exhibited high phosphate transport activity. The activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, like those of mammalian phosphate transporters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006285009435
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organization (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 1003-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyclins ; nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The comparative analysis of a large number of plant cyclins of the A/B family has recently revealed that plants possess two distinct B-type groups and three distinct A-type groups of cyclins [1]. Despite earlier uncertainties, this large-scale comparative analysis has allowed an unequivocal definition of plant cyclins into either A or B classes. We present here the most important results obtained in this study, and extend them to the case of plant D-type cyclins, in which three groups are identified. For each of the plant cyclin groups, consensus sequences have been established and a new, rational, plant-wide naming system is proposed in accordance with the guidelines of the Commission on Plant Gene Nomenclature. This nomenclature is based on the animal system indicating cyclin classes by an upper-case roman letter, and distinct groups within these classes by an arabic numeral suffix. The naming of plant cyclin classes is chosen to indicate homology to their closest animal class. The revised nomenclature of all described plant cyclins is presented, with their classification into groups CycA1, CycA2, CycA3, CycB1, CycB2, CycD1, CycD2 and CycD3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041384
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