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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric Oxide Has an Immunoregulatory Role Other Than Antimicrobial Activity in Legionella pneumophila Infected Macrophages (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 730 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44286.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helicobacter pylori infection of human gastric epithelial cells induces IL-8 and TNFα, but not TGFβ1 mRNA (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 29 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection causes gastric ulcers and gastric carcinomas. The mechanisms of these diseases are not known but Hp induction of cytokines is believed to be involved. However, the profile as well as the involvement of cytokines induced by Hp infection is less clear. In the present study, steady state levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and TGFβ1 mRNA of human gastric epithelial cell lines Kato III, AGS and NCI-87N in response to Hp infection were investigated. The cell cultures were infected with Hp for up to 18 h. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR. The three cell lines tested expressed low constitutive levels of mRNA for IL-8 and TNFα. The mRNA levels of IL-8 quickly increased within 2 h in all three cells tested and reached a peak at 4 h following infection with Hp. In contrast, the levels of TNFα after Hp infection increased in only Kato III cells. The other cells, AGS and NCI-87N, responded with minimum increases after Hp infection. The TGFβ1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in both AGS and NCI-87N cells, but Kato III cells expressed only low levels prior to infection. The Hp infection did not increase the levels of TGFβ1 mRNA as well as TGFβ1 secretion in all cells tested. These results indicate that the cytokine response to Hp infection differs according to the cells studied and the response may be linked somewhat to TGF levels of gastric cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01500.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor potentiates anti-Candida albicans growth inhibitory activity of polymorphonuclear cells (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 7 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates a subset of granulocyte colony forming cells and when administered to neutropenic individuals results in recovery of blood neutrophil numbers to normal levels. Therefore, G-CSF may be a useful therapeutic agent for infections in immunocompromised hosts. However, to date there has been only limited information that G-CSF activates the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. In the present study, we found that recombinant G-CSF promotes the anti-Candida albicans activity of normal human blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in vitro using both a 3H-glucose uptake procedure and a Candida colony counting assay. As little as 0.1 ng/ml G-CSF induced significant anti-Candida activity in the PMN cultures. G-CSF treatment also enhanced superoxide anion production by the PMNs in response to f-MLP as determined by the superoxide dismutase inhibitable cytochrome C reduction method. Such results show that G-CSF can promote the antimicrobial activity of peripheral blood PMNs against C. albicans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00376.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences and similarities in permissive A/J versus non-permissive BALB/c murine macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila: The role of iron (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular pathogen, replicates within and kills thioglycolate-elicited (TG) macrophages from A/J mice, while growth is inhibited in TG macrophages from BALB/c mice which show no impaired viability. The role of iron in BALB/c and A/J macrophages regarding their permissiveness to L. pneumophila intracellular growth was investigated. We previously reported that TG macrophages from the A/J mouse strain readily supported the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila, while resident macrophages from the same strain of mice were not permissive. Recently we also found that such a difference in permissiveness between both A/J macrophage populations may be explained, at least in part, to intracellular availability of iron. In this report, differences in permissiveness to L. pneumophila growth between A/J TG macrophages and BALB/c TG macrophages was not due to intracellular iron availability. BALB/c and A/J TG macrophages exhibited similar expression of transferrin receptor and cellular iron content. The treatment of BALB/c TG macrophages with different iron compounds, namely ferric nitrilotriacetate (12.5–100 μM), ferric citrate (12.5–100 μM) and transferrin (0.5–5 mg ml−1), did not stimulate the intracellular proliferation of L. pneumophila. The reduction of intracellular iron availability by treatment with antibodies against transferrin receptor or with desferrioxamine suppressed the growth of L. pneumophila within BALB/c TG macrophages, suggesting that these cells do not restrict L. pneumophila growth because of iron. The production of nitric oxide was also similar in both macrophage populations, as measured by the Griess reaction. However, the synthesis of oxygen reactive species was three times higher in non-permissive BALB/c macrophages. Further analysis regarding the relevance of oxygen reactions and the expression of cytokines are in progress. We therefore conclude that iron is not involved in the differences of permissiveness among macrophages from different strains of mice, remaining unknown the mechanism involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00467.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of macrophage susceptibility to infection by Legionella pneumophila (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 89 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Legionella pneumophila readily grows in cultures of thioglycollate (TGC)-induced macrophages (MPs) from A/J mice, but not in MPs from BALB/c mice or other mouse strains. In the present study, the growth of Legionella pneumophila in MPs from A/J and BALB/c mice, as well as hybrids of the two strains and back-crossed mice, was investigated to determine whether the permissiveness of growth of these bacteria was due to an inherited trait of the MPs. The MPs from all A/J mice supported the growth of Legionella, regardless of whether they were obtained from TGC or casein injected donors, but the cells from the mice given TGC supported growth of L. pneumophila much better than cells from mice injected with casein. Furthermore, MPs obtained from all BALB/c mice treated with either TGC or casein were nonpermissive for the growth of L. pneumophila. MPs from approximately 46% of the back-crossed ACF1 to A/J mice were permissive for L. pneumophila growth, while MPs from all ACF1 to back-crossed BALB/c mice were found to be nonpermissive. MPs from approximately 19% of ACF2 mice were permissive for L. pneumophila. Killing activities of MPs using temperature sensitive mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were variable and did not correlate with permissiveness or nonpermissiveness for growth of L. pneumophila. In addition, the number of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity induced in response to TGC did not correlate with the permissiveness or nonpermissiveness of the MPs from various mouse strains to Legionella, indicating the permissive nature of the cells is controlled by genetic mechanisms involving a recessive phenotype but differs from resistance genes such as Ity important for replication of S. typhimurium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04980.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legionella pneumophila-Induced IL-1: Responses of murine peritoneal, splenic, and pulmonary macrophages (1991)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 22 (1991), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofLegionella pneumophila to induce secreted IL-1 (sIL-1) and membrane associated IL-1 (mIL-1) in murine peritoneal, splenic, and pulmonary macrophages was examined. Two preparations ofL. pneumophila were utilized, specifically, a formalin-killed, whole-cell preparation and viable bacteria. We demonstrated that both forms induce mIL-1 and sIL-1 in each of the macrophage populations tested; however, there were differences in the magnitude of responses with the different macrophage populations. In general, the viable bacteria induced greater IL-1 activity than did equivalent numbers of formalin-killed bacteria, with the exception of the highest concentrations tested (107 bacteria/ml). The results demonstrate thatL. pneumophila induces production of both sIL-1 and mIL-1 activities by murine macrophages from a variety of tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02092125
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heritability and genetic correlation: Standard errors of estimates and sample size (1973)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 3 (1973), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Standard errors of heritability as estimated by four different methodologies (regression of offspring on midparent values, regression of offspring on singleparent values, intraclass correlation of full sibs, and intraclass correlation of half sibs) are tabulated. Standard errors of the genetic correlation (correlation between additive genetic values for two characters on the same individuals in a population) as estimated by analogous methods are also presented. These tables suggest that quantitative genetic analyses, including studies of the genetic correlation among characters, should not be undertaken unless resources are available which would allow the testing of at least 400 families of four members each.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070218
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heritability and genetic correlation: Statistical power, population comparisons, and sample size (1974)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 171-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: heritability ; sample size ; estimation ; power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The question of statistical power as it relates to estimates of heritability and genetic correlation, particularly with reference to population comparisons, is briefly discussed. Power tables (α=0.05) are presented for estimates of heritability and genetic correlation for four research designs (the regression of offspring on mid-parent values, the regression of offspring on single-parent values, the intraclass correlation of full sibs; and the intraclass correlation of half sibs) as a function of sample size. In addition, tables of statistical power for the comparison of heritabilities obtained from two different populations, using these four methodologies, are presented. These tables indicate that, for the study of a single population, 400 families of four members each is a sufficient sample to achieve a statistical power in excess of 95% for a heritability estimate of 0.20. However, in the comparison of heritabilities from two populations, 800 families of four members each, measured in each population, would be required to achieve equivalent statistical power for a difference in heritability of 0.20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065758
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of major gene effects using recombinant inbred strains and related congenic lines (1978)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 8 (1978), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: major gene effects ; behavior ; recombinant inbred strains ; histocompatibility lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Methods are presented for the detection of major gene effects on continuous phenotypes, using recombinant inbred strains of mice and related congenic lines. Considerations of analysis and limitations on the utility of these genetic resources are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01072828
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legionella pneumophila virulence conserved after multiple single-colony passage on agar (1993)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 27 (1993), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple passage ofLegionella pneumophila on either supplemented Mueller-Hinton or charcoal yeast extract agar by the conventional batch passing technique results in loss of virulence. In this studyL. pneumophila virulence was maintained after multiple passage on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE α) agar by a single-colony transfer technique. Virulence was determined by assessing the growth ofL. pneumophila for thioglycolate-induced susceptible A/J mouse macrophages in vitro and infectivity for susceptible A/J mice in vivo. Passage of the virulentL. pneumophila, 30 times on BCYE α agar by the single-colony transfer procedure still resulted in virulence, as compared with the nonpassaged parental bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. Lethality for susceptible, A/J mice by systemic infection was comparable for the 30th colony-passaged bacteria and the parentalL. pneumophila. These results show that theL. pneumophila phenotype associated with intracellular growth in macrophages or infectivity for susceptible mice is stable following passage by the single-colony transfer procedure on BCYE α agar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01692883
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