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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    My Thoughts on Biological Evolution (2020)
    Singapore :Springer Nature Singapore :
    Details
    Keywords: Life sciences. ; Evolution (Biology). ; Life Sciences. ; Evolutionary Biology.
    Description / Table of Contents: In Memory -- Translators’ Notes -- Preface -- Chapter I: Diversity of Organisms and Views on Evolution -- Chapter II: History of the Development of the Theory of Evolutionary Mechanism on the Basis of Genetics -- Chapter III: Tracing the Course of Evolution -- Chapter IV: Mutation as an Evolutionary Factor -- Chapter V: On Natural Selection and Adaptation -- Chapter VI: Introduction to Population Genetics -- Chapter VII: Introduction to Molecular Evolution -- Chapter VIII: The Neutral Theory and Molecular Evolution -- Chapter IX: An Evolutionary Genetic World View.
    Abstract: This book, written by Motoo Kimura (1924–94), is a classic in evolutionary biology. In 1968, Kimura proposed the “neutral theory of molecular evolution”, which became the theoretical basis of modern evolutionary studies. After publishing his work in 1983 in the book “Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution”, Kimura wrote this book in 1988 for the general public. It was originally written in Japanese and is translated here for the first time. In the book, Kimura first summarizes the development of evolutionary theory since Lamarck and Darwin. He then shows how the search for mechanisms of evolution developed into population genetics and describes how the study of molecular evolution matured by taking in the fruits of molecular biology. Kimura proceeds to carefully explain his neutral evolution theory at the molecular level. Finally, he presents his view of the world from an evolutionary perspective. The book has long served as an in-depth introduction to evolutionary biology for students and young researchers in Japan. There has been remarkably rapid progress in the field of bioscience at the molecular level over the past 30 years. Nevertheless, the book remains an important contribution that laid the foundations for what followed in molecular evolutionary studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XII, 152 p. 24 illus., 2 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9789811561658
    Series Statement: Evolutionary Studies,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6165-8
    DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6165-8
    DDC: 570
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further comments on “counter-examples to a neutralist hypothesis” (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01796100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular evolution ; Evolutionary distance estimation ; Synonymous substitution rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or “transition” type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or “transversion” type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = — (1/2) ln {(1 — 2P — Q) }. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = — (1/2) ln (1 — 2P — Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doubt about studies of globin evolution based on maximum parsimony codons and the augmentation procedure (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Globin evolution ; Evolutionary distance estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Both the maximum parsimony method of codon assignment and the augmentation procedure, as used by Goodman and his associates, are liable to serious errors and therefore should not be used for studying molecular evolution in general, and globin evolution in particular.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732684
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the stochastic model for estimation of mutational distance between homologous proteins (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1972), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular Evolution ; Evolutionary Distance Estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A set of simple equations is derived which gives the relationship between the observed amino acid differences per 100 codons and the evolutionary distance per 100 codons using Holmquist's stochastic model of molecular evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653945
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the rate of molecular evolution (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 1 (1971), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular Evolutionary Rate ; Population Genetics Theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There are at least two outstanding features that characterize the rate of evolution at the molecular level as compared with that at the phenotypic level. They are; (1) remarkable uniformity for each molecule, and (2) very high overall rate when extrapolated to the whole DNA content. The population dynamics for the rate of mutant substitution was developed, and it was shown that if mutant substitutions in the population are carried out mainly by natural selection, the rate of substitution is given byk = 4 N e s 1 v, whereN e is the effective population number,s 1 is the selective advantage of the mutants, andv is the mutation rate per gamete for such advantageous mutants (assuming that 4N e s 1 ≫ 1). On the other hand, if the substitutions are mainly carried out by random fixation of selectively neutral or nearly neutral mutants, we havek = v, wherev is the mutation rate per gamete for such mutants. Reasons were presented for the view that evolutionary change of amino acids in proteins has been mainly caused by random fixation of neutral mutants rather than by natural selection. It was concluded that if this view is correct, we should expect that genes of “living fossils” have undergone almost as many DNA base replacements as the corresponding genes of more rapidly evolving species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01659390
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the constancy of the evolutionary rate of cistrons (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 1 (1971), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Rate of Evolution ; Random Fixation ; Nearly Neutral Mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The variations of evolutionary rates in hemoglobins and cytochrome c among various lines of vertebrates are analysed by estimating the variance. The observed variances appear to be larger than expected purely by chance. If the amino acid substitutions in evolution are the result of random fixation of selectively neutral or nearly neutral mutations, the evolutionary rate of cistrons can be represented by the integral of the product of mutation rate and fixation probability in terms of selective values around the neutral point. This integral is called the effective neutral mutation rate. The influence of effective population number and generation time on the effective neutral mutation rate is discussed. It is concluded that the uniformity of the rate of amino acid substitutions over diverse lines is compatible with random fixation of neutral or very slightly deleterious mutations which have some chance of being selected against during the course of substitution. On the other hand, definitely advantageous mutations will introduce significant variation in the substitution rate among lines. Approximately 10% of the amino acid substitutions of average cistrons might be adaptive and create slight but significant variations in evolutionary rate among vertebrate lines, although the uniformity of evolutionary rate is still valid as a first approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01659391
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Was globin evolution very rapid in its early stages?: A dubious case against the rate-constancy hypothesis (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 110-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular evolutionary clock ; Maximum parsimony method ; Neutral mutation random drift hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Goodman et al's (1975) claim of accelerated evolution in the early stages of globin evolution is based on an erroneous assignment of the time of divergence of vertebrate myoglobin and hemoglobin. When this is corrected, there is no basis for their claim. The data are much more consistent with the nearly constant rate expected on the neutral mutation-random drift hypothesis than with the uneven rates expected if most amino acid changes were caused by substitution of favorable mutants through Darwinian selection. In addition, the majority of the codons determined by their maximum parsimony method have turned out to be wrong when compared to the actual nucleotide sequences of rabbitα and humanβ hemoglobins determined by direct sequencing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732682
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evolutionary clock and the neutral theory (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 24-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Protein evolution ; Population genetics ; Mutation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From the standpoint of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, it is expected that a universally valid and exact molecular evolutionary clock would exist if, for a given molecule, the mutation rate for neutral allelesper year were exactly equal among all organisms at all times. Any deviation from the equality of neutral mutation rate per year makes the molecular clock less exact. Such deviation may be due to two causes: one is the change of the mutation rate per year (such as due to change of generation span), and the other is the alteration of the selective constraint of each molecule (due to change of internal molecular environment). A statistical method was developed to investigate the equality of evolutionary rates among lineages. This was used to analyze protein data to demonstrate that these two causes are actually at work in molecular evolution. It was emphasized that departures from exact clockwise progression of molecular evolution by no means invalidates the neutral theory. It was pointed out that experimental studies should be done to settle the issue of whether the mutation rate for nucleotide change is more constant per year or per generation among organisms whose generation spans are very different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111279
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary constraints and the neutral theory (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 21 (1984), S. 90-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Neutral theory ; Codon usage ; Synonymous condons ; Pseudogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The neutral theory of molecular evolution postulates that nucleotide substitutions inherently take place in DNA as a result of point mutations followed by random genetic drift. In the absence of selective constraints, the substitution rate reaches the maximum value set by the mutation rate. The rate in globin pseudogenes is about 5 × 10−9 substitutions per site per year in mammals. Rates slower than this indicate the presence of constraints imposed by negative (natural) selection, which rejects and discards deleterious mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100633
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