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  • 1
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    Ocean observations in support of studies and forecasts of tropical and extratropical cyclones (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Domingues, R., Kuwano-Yoshida, A., Chardon-Maldonado, P., Todd, R. E., Halliwell, G., Kim, H., Lin, I., Sato, K., Narazaki, T., Shay, L. K., Miles, T., Glenn, S., Zhang, J. A., Jayne, S. R., Centurioni, L., Le Henaff, M., Foltz, G. R., Bringas, F., Ali, M. M., DiMarco, S. F., Hosoda, S., Fukuoka, T., LaCour, B., Mehra, A., Sanabia, E. R., Gyakum, J. R., Dong, J., Knaff, J. A., & Goni, G. Ocean observations in support of studies and forecasts of tropical and extratropical cyclones. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 446, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00446.
    Description: Over the past decade, measurements from the climate-oriented ocean observing system have been key to advancing the understanding of extreme weather events that originate and intensify over the ocean, such as tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical bomb cyclones (ECs). In order to foster further advancements to predict and better understand these extreme weather events, a need for a dedicated observing system component specifically to support studies and forecasts of TCs and ECs has been identified, but such a system has not yet been implemented. New technologies, pilot networks, targeted deployments of instruments, and state-of-the art coupled numerical models have enabled advances in research and forecast capabilities and illustrate a potential framework for future development. Here, applications and key results made possible by the different ocean observing efforts in support of studies and forecasts of TCs and ECs, as well as recent advances in observing technologies and strategies are reviewed. Then a vision and specific recommendations for the next decade are discussed.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers: JP17K19093, JP16K12591, and JP16H01846).
    Keywords: Tropical cyclones ; Extratropical bomb cyclones ; Upper-ocean temperature ; Ocean heat content ; Global ocean observing system ; Weather extremes ; Natural hazards ; Coupled ocean-atmosphere forecasts
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Autonomous and Lagrangian ocean observations for Atlantic tropical cyclone studies and forecasts (2017)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 30, no. 2 (2017): 92–103, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2017.227.
    Description: The tropical Atlantic basin is one of seven global regions where tropical cyclones (TCs) commonly originate, intensify, and affect highly populated coastal areas. Under appropriate atmospheric conditions, TC intensification can be linked to upper-ocean properties. Errors in Atlantic TC intensification forecasts have not been significantly reduced during the last 25 years. The combined use of in situ and satellite observations, particularly of temperature and salinity ahead of TCs, has the potential to improve the representation of the ocean, more accurately initialize hurricane intensity forecast models, and identify areas where TCs may intensify. However, a sustained in situ ocean observing system in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea dedicated to measuring subsurface temperature, salinity, and density fields in support of TC intensity studies and forecasts has yet to be designed and implemented. Autonomous and Lagrangian platforms and sensors offer cost-effective opportunities to accomplish this objective. Here, we highlight recent efforts to use autonomous platforms and sensors, including surface drifters, profiling floats, underwater gliders, and dropsondes, to better understand air-sea processes during high-wind events, particularly those geared toward improving hurricane intensity forecasts. Real-time data availability is key for assimilation into numerical weather forecast models.
    Description: The NOAA/AOML component of this work was originally funded by the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013, also known as the Sandy Supplemental, and is currently funded through NOAA research grant NA14OAR4830103 by AOML and CARICOOS, as well as NOAA’s Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). The TEMPESTS component of this work is supported by NOAA through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (NA13OAR4830233) with additional analysis support from the WHOI Summer Student Fellowship Program, Nortek Student Equipment Grant, and the Rutgers University Teledyne Webb Graduate Student Fellowship Program. The drifter component of this work is funded through NOAA grant NA15OAR4320071(11.432) in support of the Global Drifter Program.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum: Photon driven charge transfer half-collisions: The photodissociation of CO2⋅O+2 cluster ions with resolution of the O2 product vibrational states [J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2667 (1987)] (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 4557-4557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.454770
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intramolecular energy transfer rates in photoexcited cluster ions: The photodissociation dynamics of CO−3⋅H2O and CO−3⋅CO2 (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 3072-3080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation dynamics of CO−3⋅H2O and CO−3⋅CO2 have been investigated at photon energies of 2.13, 2.41, 2.54, and 2.71 eV. Experiments were conducted by crossing a mass-selected, 8 kV ion beam with a linearly polarized laser beam, and measuring the kinetic energy distributions of the charged photodissociation products. By varying the angle between the ion beam and the laser polarization vector, product angular distributions were obtained. The only ionic product observed from both systems was CO−3. The average energy partitioned into relative translation of the photofragments was determined to be ∼0.1 eV for CO−3⋅H2O and ∼0.07 eV for CO−3⋅CO2. In both cases, these kinetic energy release values were found to be nearly independent of photon energy. The small fraction of the available energy partitioned into kinetic energy of the photofragments indicates that the upper states of the transitions leading to photodissociation are bound, and that a substantial fraction of the available energy must be channeled into internal energy of the dissociating fragments. The angular distributions of CO−3 photoproducts from both CO−3⋅H2O and CO−3⋅CO2 were found to be extremely isotropic. Modeling the experimental data using statistical phase space theory shows that dissociation occurs prior to completeenergy randomization, and provides a measure of the extent of energy randomization prior to dissociation. Comparison of theory and experiment indicates the photodissociation processes proceed by the following mechanism: (1) Photon absorption occurs via a transition localized on CO−3 moiety: CO−3 (2B1)⋅X+hν→CO−3 (2A1)⋅X, where X=CO2 or H2O. (2) CO−3(2A1)⋅X internally converts to CO−3(2B1)⋅X, with a high degree of vibrational excitation being localized on the CO−3 moiety. (3) The vibrational excitation localized on the CO−3 moiety begins to slowly randomize throughout the cluster ion. (4) Before complete energy randomization has occurred, CO−3(2B1)⋅X dissociates to CO−3 and X, with the nascent CO−3 product containing a significant amount of internal energy (∼1.4 eV). The time required for approximately 1.0 eV of vibrational energy localized in CO−3(2B1) to randomize throughout the CO−3⋅X cluster is at least 10−9±1 s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453950
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photon driven charge transfer half-collisions: The photodissociation of CO2⋅O+2 cluster ions with resolution of the O2 product vibrational states (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 87 (1987), S. 2667-2676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation dynamics of the CO2⋅O+2 cluster are studied in a crossed ion beam–laser beam apparatus from λ=590 nm to λ=357 nm. At all wavelengths only CO+2/O2 products are observed even though O+2/CO2 products are lower in energy by 1.71 eV. The absolute cross section for photodestruction of CO2⋅O+2 is measured and increases smoothly from less than 1×10−18 cm2 at 590 nm to approximately 7×10−18 cm2 at 357 nm. In the range 590–458 nm ground electronic state CO+2(X 2Π)/O2(X 3∑) products are formed. Arguments are made that indicate that the O2 product is selectively vibrationally excited to the highest level energetically allowed (ν=0,1, or 2 depending on the wavelength). Asymmetry parameter analysis indicates that the photoexcited state of CO2⋅O+2 accessed is repulsive and the cluster dissociates in times short compared to a rotational period. At 357 nm the mechanism changes. Arguments are made that unambiguously indicate the O2 product is electronically excited at this wavelength and the product states are CO+2(X 2Π)/O2(a 1Δ). In addition, 10%–25% of the photoexcited clusters at 357 nm may initially be formed in a bound state that subsequently vibrationally predissociates. The large majority of the products at this wavelength are formed by direct dissociation from a repulsive state, however, similar to the longer wavelength data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodissociation dynamics of weakly bound ion–neutral clusters: SO2 ⋅ O+2 (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 3283-3291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A photodissociation study of SO2 ⋅ O+2 is presented. The experiments were carried out on mass selected ion beams that were crossed with a polarized laser beam and then photoproducts were mass and energy analyzed. The SO2 ⋅ O+2 ions were formed by three body association reactions in a pressure and temperature dependent ion source. Studies were carried out at wavelengths of 582, 514, 488, 458, and 357±7 nm using an argon ion laser/dye laser system. Both O+2/SO2 and SO+2/O2 photoproducts were observed and the branching ratio measured as a function of λ. In addition, product kinetic energy distributions and angular distributions (asymmetry parameters) were measured and statistical phase space theory calculations were carried out. The results indicate the O+2/SO2 products are formed from photon absorption to a bound excited state at all wavelengths followed by internal conversion to the ground state and statistical vibrational predissociation. The SO+2/O2 products are formed by two mechanisms. At long wavelengths (582 nm) the products are formed exclusively by photon absorption to a bound state followed by internal conversion and statistical predissociation from the ground state. At short wavelengths (357 nm) direct dissociation from a repulsive upper state dominates. Both mechanisms are involved at intermediate wavelengths. Arguments are made that both the bound and repulsive upper states correlate to SO+2(X˜ 1A1)/O2(b 1∑+g) products and that the bound upper state corresponds to the low energy band in the photodissociation cross section measurements of Hodges and Vanderhoff and the repulsive state to the high energy band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451987
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetics, structure and photodissociation dynamics of the cluster Ar⋅N+2 (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 1158-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mass selected ion beam of ArN+2 clusters is brought to a spatial focus and crossed with the polarized output of an argon ion laser. Photofragment ions are mass and energy analyzed using an electrostatic analyzer and detected using single ion counting methods. Photoproducts observed over the photon energy range of 2.1 to 3.5 eV are Ar+/N2 and N+2/Ar with the former favored by about a factor of 3. Analysis of the data indicate the upper state is purely repulsive leading to strongly translationally and vibrationally excited products. The absolute cross section has an onset at about 600 nm and smoothly increases to 357 nm. In order to reasonably interpret the data it is suggested the higher energy Ar+(2P3/2)/N2 asymptote diabatically correlates to the ground state of ArN+2 and the lower energy N+2(X 2∑)/Ar asymptote diabatically correlates to the repulsive state accessed by the photon. Detailed dynamics in the region where the curves cross are responsible for the observed product distribution. Application of an impulsive model indicates the ground state of ArN+2 is linear. Finally, equilibrium measurements of the reaction (N2)+2+Ar↔ArN+2+N2 indicate ΔH00=−1.0±0.3 kcal/mol and ΔS0=1.5±0.5 cal k−1 mol−1 in agreement with the result of Teng and Conway which had been disputed in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459179
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold level laser photoablation of oxidized aluminum(111): photoejected ion translational energy distributions (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 95 (1991), S. 6623-6627 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100170a045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodissociation of weakly bound ion-molecule clusters: krypton-sulfur dioxide (Kr.SO2+) (1986)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 90 (1986), S. 3584-3590 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100407a024
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodissociation dynamics of negative ion clusters: (SO2)−2 (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 2718-2725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation dynamics of (SO2)−2 to form SO2/SO−2 products is investigated over the wavelength range 656 (1.89 eV) to 458 nm (2.71 eV). Product angular distributions are obtained. An asymmetry parameter analysis indicates the lifetime of the (SO2)−2 photoexcited state is much less than a rotational period. Product kinetic energy distributions are obtained at all wavelengths. Both the overall shape of these distributions and comparison with statistical phase space theory calculations indicate the excited state assessed by the photon is repulsive consistent with the asymmetry parameter analysis. An impulsive model analysis suggests the bond between the two SO2 moeities in (SO2)−2 is probably between one oxygen atom on each moeity and the structure is quasilinear. Structure is also observed in the kinetic energy distributions. It is suggested this is due to selective photoexcitation of vibrational states of either the SO2 or SO−2 moeity in (SO2)−2. Hodges and Vanderhoff have reported a bimodel photodestruction cross section for (SO2)−2, with major peaks near 600 and 400 nm. We argue these peaks are due to photodissociation of (SO2)−2 not photodetachment, with the first excited doublet state (repulsive) leading to the 600 nm peak and the second excited doublet state (bound) leading to the second maxima. The repulsive state must correlate to ground state SO2/SO−2 products and the bound state to electronically excited SO2/SO−2 products. Predictions regarding the dissociation dynamics of the bound state are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451028
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