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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid evolution and thermal structure in the rapidly exhuming gneiss complex of Namche Barwa–Gyala Peri, eastern Himalayan syntaxis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 23 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: High-grade gneisses (amphibolite–granulite facies) of the Namche Barwa and Gyala Peri massifs, in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, have been unroofed from metamorphic depths in the late Tertiary–Recent. Rapid exhumation (2–5 mm year−1) has resulted in a pronounced shallow conductive thermal anomaly beneath the massifs and the intervening Tsangpo gorge. The position of the 300 °C isotherm has been estimated from fluid inclusions using CO2–H2O immiscibility phase equilibria to be between 2.5 and 6.2 km depth below surface. Hence, the near-surface average thermal gradient exceeds 50 °C km−1 beneath valleys, although the thermal gradient is relatively lower beneath the high mountains. The original metamorphic fluid in the gneisses was 〉90% CO2. This fluid was displaced by incursion of brines from overlying marine sedimentary rocks that have since been largely removed by erosion. Brines can exceed 60 wt% dissolved salts, and include Ca, Na, K and Fe chlorides. These brines were remobilized during the earliest stages of uplift at 〉500 °C. During exhumation, incursion of abundant topography-driven surface waters resulted in widespread fracture-controlled hydrothermal activity and brine dilution down to the brittle–ductile transition. Boiling water was particularly common at shallow levels (〈2.5 km) beneath the Yarlung Tsangpo valley, and numerous hot springs occur at the surface in this valley. Dry steam is not a major feature of the hydrothermal system in the eastern syntaxis (in contrast to the western syntaxis at Nanga Parbat), but some dry steam fluids may have developed locally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00612.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary conclusions of the Royal Society and Academia Sinica 1985 geotraverse of Tibet (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 1985 Chinese/British expedition to the Tibetan Plateau attempted to solve the question of the origin of the very thick crustal rocks in this region. Continuing northwards movement of the Indian plate over the past 38 Myr has given rise to severe folding and thrust faulting, causing crustal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/323501a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative and Latitudinal Motion of Atlantic Hot Spots (1973)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 245 (1973), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although not all hot spots are fixed with respect to one another, the members of small groups of them seem to be fixed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/245133a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Were Archaean continental geothermal gradients much steeper than today? (reply) (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 274 (1978), S. 721-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BURKE AND KIDD REPLY-We did not intend to suggest that our gradients bore any relationship to near-surface geothermal gradients. It may have been clearer to have termed them average geothermal gradients. Our purpose in quoting these gradients was simply to emphasise that the temperature at the base ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274721a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Were Archean continental geothermal gradients much steeper than those of today? (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 272 (1978), S. 240-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Superior Province9 consists of greenstone belts, the rocks of which have been compared to rocks formed in various island arc and marginal basin environments8 and intervening gneiss belts that have been compared to more deeply eroded arcs or microcontinents8. Although the gneiss belts show great ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/272240a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault (1984)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 6 (1984), S. 159-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the Fall of 1979, a manned submersible program, utilizing DSRV ALVIN, was carried out at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) with the Tamayo Transform boundary. A total of seven dives were completed in the vicinity of the EPR/Tamayo intersection depression and documented the geologic relationships that characterize the juxtaposition of these types of plate boundaries. The young volcanic terrain of the EPR axis can be traced into and across the Tamayo Transform valley but becomes buried by sedimentary talus that is being shed from sediment scarps along the unstable sediment slope that defines the north side of the intersection depression. Within 4 km of the transform boundary, the dominant trend (000°) of the fissures and faults that disrupt the rise-generated volcanics is markedly oblique to the regional direction of sea floor spreading (120°). Since no evidence was found to suggest that these structures accommodate significant amounts of strike-slip displacement, they are taken to reflect a distortion of the EPR extensional tectonic regime by a transform generated shear couple. The floor of the Tamayo Transform valley in this area is inundated by mass-wasted sediment, and the principal transform displacement zone is characterized at the surface by a narrow (〈1.5 km) interval of fault scarps in sediment that trends parallel with the transform valley. Extrapolated to the west, this zone links with zones of transform deformation investigated during earlier submersible studies (CYAMEX and Pastouret, 1981). Evidence of low-level hydrothermal discharge was seen at one locality on the EPR axis and at another 8 km west of the axis at the edge of the zone of transform deformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285958
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection (1984)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 6 (1984), S. 109-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seven dives in the submersible ALVIN and four deep-towed (ANGUS) camera lowerings have been made at the eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Oceanographer Transform with the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These data constrain our understanding of the processes that create and shape the distinctive morphology that is characteristic of slowly-slipping ridge-transform-ridge plate boundaries. Although the geological relationships observed in the rift valley floor in the study area are similar to those reported for the FAMOUS area, we observe a distinct change in the character of the rift valley floor with increasing proximity to the transform. Over a distance of approximately ten kilometers the volcanic constructional terrain becomes increasingly more disrupted by faulting and degraded by mass wasting. Moreover, proximal to the transform boundary, faults with orientations oblique to the trend of the rift valley are recognized. The morphology of the eastern rift valley wall is characterized by inward-facing scarps that are ridge-axis parallel, but the western rift valley wall, adjacent to the active transform zone, is characterized by a complex fault pattern defined by faults exhibiting a wide range of orientations. However, even for transform parallel faults no evidence for strike-slip displacement is observed throughout the study area and evidence for normal (dip-slip) displacement is ubiquitous. Basalts, semi-consolidated sediments (chalks, debris slide deposits) and serpentinized ultramafic rocks are recovered from localities within or proximal to the rift valley. The axis of accretion-principal transform displacement zone intersection is not clearly established, but appears to be located along the E-W trending, southern flank of the deep nodal basin that defines the intersection of the transform valley with the rift floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The transform domain (1985)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 7 (1985), S. 329-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three dives in submersible ALVIN and four deep-towed camera lowerings have been made along the transform valley of the Oceanographer Transform. These data constrain our understanding of the processes that create and shape the distinctive morphology that is characteristic of slowly slipping ridge-transform-ridge (RTR) plate boundaries. Our data suggest that the locus of strike-slip tectonism, called the transform fault zone (TFZ), is confined to a narrow swath (〈4 km) that is centered along the axis of maximum depth. The TFZ is flanked by the inward facing slopes of the transform valley. The lower portions of the valley walls are characterized by broad sloping exposures of undisrupted sediment but at higher elevations the walls are made up of inward facing scarps and terraces of variable dimensions. Although the scarps have been badly degraded by mass wasting, there is no evidence to suggest that these scarps have accommodated significant amounts of strike-slip motion. Plutonic and ultramafic rocks are exposed on these scarps and the occurrence of this diverse assemblage on small-throw faults indicates that the crust is thin and/or discontinuous in this environment. We suggest that this complex igneous assemblage is the product of anomalous accretionary processes that are characteristic of slowly-slipping RTR plate boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316773
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  • 9
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    Evidence for steady fault-accommodated strain in the High Himalaya: progressive fault rotation of the southern Tibet detachment system in NW Bhutan (2002)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 200: 371-386.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: We present fault analyses from the exhumed middle crustal slab of the High Himalaya in eastern Lunana in NW Bhutan. Fault planes from within two-mica, tourma-line-bearing leucogranites, leucogranitic rocks and migmatites indicate a complex brittle fault pattern with two distinct fault groups. A first group of faults (D1) characterized by chlorite, quartz and tourmaline slickenfibres is mainly defined by steeply SSE-dipping oblique-slip normal faults, and by shallowly NNW-dipping normal faults. A second, younger group of faults (D2) characterized by cataclasis products comprises strike-slip faults displaying conjugate patterns and E- and W-dipping conjugate normal faults, all which indicate E-W extension. Cross-cutting relationships amongst the D1 fault group demonstrate that progressively steeper members of the fault group become younger within the NNW-dipping faults and become older within the SSE-dipping faults. These are all post-dated by the D2 fault group. The D1 fault group indicates that the slab experienced ongoing NNW-SSE extension (i.e. flow) via brittle fault accommodation, contemporaneous with fault rotation. This may reflect rotation of the entire upper orogen due to movement over deeply located major ramp structures formed by out-of-sequence thrusting (Kakhtang Thrust) within the High Himalayan Slab of the Bhutan Himalaya.
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  • 10
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    Stratigraphic Relationships and Detrital Composition of the Medial Ordovician Flysch of Western New England: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Taconic Orogeny: A Reply to Rodgers (1982)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by University of Chicago Press
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