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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root size estimates of red clover and alfalfa based on electrical capacitance and root diameter measurements (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 37 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Electrical capacitance and root diameter techniques for estimating root dry weight were evaluated in one test with red clover plants grown on slant-boards in plant growth chambers for 37–77 d, and in six tests with alfalfa grown in the field for 55–165 d. Root dry weights of red clover were estimated satisfactorily with regression equations from both diameter (R2=90%) and capacitance (R2=76%) measurements. Root dry weights of alfalfa were estimated satisfactorily throughout the entire season from diameter values (R2 from 51 to 92%). Alfalfa root weight was significantly (P 〈0·25) related to capacitance values at the beginning and at the end of the season but not at mid-season. Electrical capacitance measurements were similar for intact root systems and roots severed 4 cm below the crown in separate experiments with red clover and with alfalfa. The root diameter technique provided an accurate, rapid and inexpensive method of estimating root size throughout the first season of growth. The root capacitance method provided satisfactory estimates of roots at certain times during the summer. Neither method would be useful if a large portion of the root was naturally severed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01604.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature and water variables on the juvenile growth of lucerne and red clover (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Plants of three cultivars of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were grown at four levels each of water availability and temperature in all combinations to evaluate these factors as determinants of plant growth. Plants grew in conventional plant growth chambers from age 2 to 4 weeks with the roots held between layers of polyester cloths that held a volume of nutrient solution which was adjusted at 24-h intervals by flushing and blotting the cloths. The experimental design consisted of two growth chamber runs at each of four temperatures. Within each run, water treatments and the species-cultivar combination were arranged In four replicates of a split-plot design with water treatment as whole plot and species-cultivars as subplots.Plant response variables over all treatments were significant (P 〈 0·05) for temperature and water for shoot weights, root weights, shoot/root ratios and number of roots. Cultivars within species had no significant difference in response lo the treatments, but species differences were significant for alt response variables except shoot/root ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02000.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybridization of some Trifolium species through stylar temperature treatments (1970)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 40 (1970), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Gattung Trifolium ist sowohl nach Selbstung als auch nach Artkreuzungen häufig Inkompatibilität zu beobachten. Es wird über Untersuchungen berichtet, durch Wärmebehandlung während der Blüte die Inkompatibilität zu überwinden. Zu diesen Zweck wurden die Blüten der mütterlichen Eltern einer Temperatur von 40 °C ausgesetzt und danach mit Pollen von unbehandelten Pflanzen bestäubt, die auf dem Feld oder im Gewächshaus aufblühten: Trifolium pratense wurde mit T. ambiguum, T. hirtum, T. ochroleucum, T. rubens, T. sarosiense und T. medium bestäubt, T. medium mit T. pratense. Aus allen Bestäubungen wurden Samen erhalten. 86% der Nachkommen entsprachen jedoch morphologisch und cytologisch ihrem mütterlichen Elter und waren vermutlich das Ergebnis einer Selbstbefruchtung. Viele Samen, die möglicherweise aus Kreuzungen stammten, waren klein und/oder keimten nicht. Aus einigen Samen erwuchsen schwache oder albino-Sämlinge, die bald abstarben. Griffel von T. medium, die aus Blüten herausgelöst wurden, die sich bei 40 °C geöffnet hatten, waren für Pollen von T. pratense verträglicher als Griffel, die sich auf dem Felde entwickelten. Dieser Befund läßt den Schluß zu, daß die höhere Temperatur einen besseren Hybridsamenansatz bewirkt hat, als er in unseren früheren Untersuchungen beobachtet wurde. Eine Temperaturbehandlung kann sich demnach bei Trifolium für eine Erzeugung von Hybriden als günstig erweisen.
    Notes: Summary Plants of seven perennial Trifolium species were interspecifically pollinated. The female flowers opened at 40 °C, and the male flowers opened in the greenhouse or field without a temperature treatment. T. pratense was pollinated with T. ambiguum, T. hirtum, T. ochroleucum, T. rubens, T. sarosiense, and T. medium. T. medium was pollinated with T. pratense. Seeds were obtained from all pollinations ; however, 86 of the progeny were morphologically and cytologically similar to their female parent, and probably resulted from self-fertilization. Many seeds of possible hybrid origin were small and/or did not germinate. Some seeds produced weak or albino seedlings which died at an early age. Excised pistils of T. medium from flowers that opened at 40 °C were more compatible with pollen of T. pratense than pistils of T. medium that developed in the field, indicating that the elevated temperature caused greater hybrid seed production than was observed in our earlier studies. The high temperature technique may prove useful in obtaining hybrids in Trifolium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277271
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth ofTrifolium pratense L. pollen tubes in compatible and incompatible styles of excised pistils (1968)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 38 (1968), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Narben und Griffel von Rotklee-Stempeln wurden nach Fremd- (genetisch kompatibel) oder Selbstbestäubung (inkompatibel) in vitro kultiviert. Die Pollenschläuche wuchsen durch die Griffel, mit denen sie kompatibel waren, und nach bestimmter Behandlung auch durch Griffel, mit denen sie inkompatibel waren. Ein Zusatz von Borsäure, Kalziumnitrat und einem Kohlenhydrat zum Nährmedium sowie mäßige bis kühle Temperaturen förderten im allgemeinen das Pollenschlauchwachstum der kompatiblen und inkompatiblen Kombinationen. Verschiedene Wuchsstoffe, die dem Kulturmedium zugesetzt wurden, hemmten bei höherer Konzentration das Pollenschlauchwachstum kompatibler Kombinationen, verzögerten auf der anderen Seite aber nicht den Inkompatibilitätsmechanismus. Letzterer Effekt trat ein, wenn die Blütenköpfe während der Anthesis hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt wurden. Diese Temperaturbehandlung wirkte auf die Griffel, nicht auf den Pollen. In einem der drei Experimente führte eine Bestäubung der Narbe mit großen Pollenmengen dazu, den Inkompatibilitätsmechanismus weniger wirksam werden zu lassen.
    Notes: Summary The stigma and style portions of red clover pistils were culturedin vitro after cross- (genetically compatible) or self- (incompatible) pollination. Pollen tubes grew through styles in which they were compatible and, in some treatments, through styles which were incompatible. Boric acid, calcium nitrate and a carbohydrate in the medium, and moderate-to-cool temperatures generally enhanced pollen tube growth of compatible and incompatible matings. Several plant hormones at high concentrations inhibited pollen growth with compatible matings and did not retard the incompatibility mechanism. Application of high temperatures to the flower heads during the period of anthesis retarded the incompatibility mechanism. This temperature treatment affected the styles and not the pollen. In one of three experiments the application of relatively large amounts of pollen to the stigma rendered the incompatibility mechanism less effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00934167
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Trifolium pratense L. Pollen tubes in compatible and incompatible styles of excised pistils (1971)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 41 (1971), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The excised pistil technique was used to study effects of pollen treatments on self-incompatibility in red clover. Pollen was treated directly with infrared or ultraviolet radiation, and indirectly with chemicals that were applied to the stigmas before pollination. The chemicals (boric acid, calcium nitrate, colchicine, cyclohexamide, gibberellic acid, glycine, and indole butyric acid) were each used at five concentrations. High dosage rates of most treatments inhibited pollen growth in styles that were genetically compatible, but none of the treatments had a specific effect on the self-incompatibility mechanism. The effects of growth of compatible or incompatible pollen tubes in a style on subsequent growth of both types of pollen tubes in the same style were studied in an experiment with 6 hr between pollinations. The passage of some compatible pollen tubes through the style did not influence either self- or cross-compatibility in the style after the second pollination. The passage of some self-incompatible tubes into the styles caused a slightly higher number of incompatible tubes to penetrate the style after the second pollination. Each pollen tube appeared to traverse the style independently of other tubes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277797
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on pseudo-self-compatibility in Trifolium pratense L. (1969)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 39 (1969), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch eine Behandlung normalerweise selbstunverträglichen Rotklees (Trifolium pratense L.) mit verhältnismäßig hohen Temperaturen während der Anthesis ergab sich eine Erhöhung des Samenertrages durch Pseudo-Selbstverträglichkeit. Die Samen aus der Selbstbefruchtung wurden an Kulturen abgeschnittener Stengel erzielt, die in 2.5% Sucrose gehalten wurden. Die Stengel waren zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Petalenfarbe in den Knospen sichtbar wurde, abgeschnitten worden. In einem Brutraum wurden die Blütenköpfe während der Anthesis bei 40 °C und die Stengel durch Eintauchen der Kulturgläser in ein Wasserbad bei 25 °C gehalten. Sobald sich die Mehrzahl der Blütchen geöffnet hatte, wurden die Kulturen in 20 °C übergeführt und in dieser Temperatur während des Pollenwachstums durch die Griffel und auch während der Samenentwicklung belassen. Eine Beigabe von Kalziumnitrat und Borsäure zum Kulturmedium steigerte weder die Anthesis noch das Samengewicht und die Anzahl der erzeugten Samen. Der Genotyp der Pflanze und die Umwelt vor der Anthesis waren die Primärfaktoren, die die Anzahl der Samen aus Selbstbefruchtung beeinflußten. Obwohl nicht alle Versuche, Samen aus Selbstbefruchtung zu erzielen, erfolgreich waren, erzeugten in wiederholten Versuchen doch alle untersuchten Klone etwas Samen.
    Notes: Summary A relatively high temperature treatment, applied during anthesis, was shown to enhance self-seed production through pseudo-self-compatibility in normally self-incompatible red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The self-seeds were produced in cultures of excised stems held in 2.5 percent sucrose. The stems were excised when petal color was beginning to appear in the buds. During anthesis the cultures were incubated with the flower heads at 40 ° and the stems at 25 °C. When most of the florets per head had opened the cultures were transferred to 20 °C and held at that temperature during the period of pollen growth through the styles and also during seed development. The addition of calcium nitrate and boric acid to the culture medium did not enhance anthesis, seed weight, or the number of seeds produced. Plant genotype and the environment provided before anthesis were the primary factors influencing the number of self-seed produced. Although not all attempts to produce self-seed have been successful, with repeated trials all clones we tested produced some seed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366488
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  • 7
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    Inhibition by Some Allelochemicals of Intake of Individual Meals by Meadow Voles 1 (1979)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Occurrence of Two Homozygous Self‐incompatibility Genotypes in I1 Segregates of Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L. 1 (1968)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1968-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Root Morphology and Early Development of Maize at Varying Levels of Nitrogen 1 (1980)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    The Persistence of Red Clover and Carbohydrate Concentration in the Roots at Various Temperatures 1 (1958)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1958-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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