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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining Flex Cracking in Treads (1934)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 6 (1934), S. 265-267 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50090a016
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ileX tRNA gene is located close to the Shiga toxin II operon in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 strains (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 149 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cosmid library of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL 933 was constructed and clones carrying the stx2 gene were identified by colony blot hybridization with a stx2B specific probe. Nucleotide sequencing upstream of the stx2A gene revealed high sequence identities of 89.5% to the ileX tRNA gene found in E. coli. The ileX gene was located 260 bp from the translational start codon of stx2A. PCR analysis with primers specific for this analyzed region showed that in 11 Stx2-producing EHEC strains from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome, all PCR-positive strains carried the ileX tRNA gene. However, PCR analysis of the respective region in 11 Stx1-producing EHEC strains detected no ileX genes. Although the role of ileX in Stx2-producing EHEC strains is not clear, its function in regard to the use of rare codons and as an integration site is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10305.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shiga toxins even when different are encoded at identical positions in the genomes of related temperate bacteriophages (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 600-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ; Bacteriophage ; Shigella dysenteriae ; Shiga toxin ; Genetic organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence of an 11,142-bp region including the stx 2 operon in the genome of the temperate bacteriophage 933W in the EDL933 strain of Escherichia coli O157 was determined and compared to the respective regions derived from other lambdoid bacteriophages. In phage 933W, a region of ORFs interlinked by overlapping start-stop codons (ATGA) was detected preceding the toxin gene. These ORFs show a high degree of sequence identity to genes of the nin region of phage λ. Immediately downstream of these nin genes we identified an ORF that may code for an antiterminator similar to the λ Q protein. It is concluded that toxin expression is directly associated with the initiation of cell lysis. Downstream of the stx 2 operon we identified an ORF that is homologous to the holin gene S of bacteriophage PA-2. PCR primers were designed, which, based on a comparison of the phage sequences, appeared to be common to both stx 1 - and stx 2 -harbouring phages. However, only seven of the 22 STEC strains investigated from serogroups O157, O26, O103 and O111 yielded the expected PCR amplification product. The data reported here may be useful in developing new strategies for inhibiting the expression of Stx and for developing universal diagnostic primers for use in tracking the origin and evolution of Shiga toxins and the phages that carry them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380051122
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of bacterial pathogenesis (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 56 (1999), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Evolution; pathogenesis; point mutation; pathogenicity islands; recombination; insertion sequences; gene transfer.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The evolution of bacteria is associated with continuous generation of novel genetic variants. The major driving forces in this process are point mutations, genetic rearrangements, and horizontal gene transfer. A large number of human and animal bacterial pathogens have evolved the capacity to produce virulence factors that are directly involved in infection and disease. Additionally, many bacteria express resistance traits against antibiotics. Both virulence factors and resistance determinants are subject to intrastrain genetic and phenotypic variation. They are often encoded on unstable DNA regions. Thus, they can be readily transferred to bacteria of the same species or even to non-related prokaryotes. This review article focuses on the main mechanisms of bacterial microevolution responsible for the rapid emergence of variants with novel virulence and resistance properties. In addition, processes of macroevolution are described with special emphasis on gene transfer and fixation of adaptive mutations in the genome of pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050018
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  • 5
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    A precise reconstruction of the emergence and constrained radiations of Escherichia coli O157 portrayed by backbone concatenomic analysis (2009)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-13
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    The human H3N2 influenza viruses A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Hiroshima/52/2005 preferentially bind to {alpha}2-3-sialylated monosialogangliosides with fucosylated poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl chains (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-26
    Description: Among influenza A viruses, subtype H3N2 is the major cause of human influenza morbidity and is associated with seasonal epidemics causing annually half million deaths worldwide. Influenza A virus infection is initiated via hemagglutinin that binds to terminally sialylated glycoconjugates exposed on the surface of target cells. Gangliosides from human granulocytes were probed using thin-layer chromatography overlay assays for their binding potential to H3N2 virus strains A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Hiroshima/52/2005. Highly polar gangliosides with poly- N -acetyllactosaminyl chains showing low chromatographic mobility exhibited strong virus adhesion which was entirely abolished by sialidase treatment. Auxiliary overlay assays using anti-sialyl Lewis x (sLe x ) monoclonal antibodies showed identical binding patterns compared with those performed with the viruses. A comprehensive structural analysis of fractionated gangliosides by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed sLe x gangliosides with terminal Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc epitope and extended neolacto (nLc)-series core structures as the preferential virus binding gangliosides. More precisely, sLe x gangliosides with nLc8, nLc10 and nLc12Cer cores, carrying sphingosine (d18:1) and a fatty acid with variable chain length (mostly C24:0, C24:1 or C16:0) in the ceramide moiety and one or two additional internal fucose residues in the oligosaccharide portion, were identified as the preferred receptors recognized by H3N2 virus strains A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Hiroshima/52/2005. This study describes glycan-binding requirements of hemagglutinin beyond binding to glycans with a specific sialic acid linkage of as yet undefined neutrophil receptors acting as ligands for H3N2 viruses. In addition, our results pose new questions on the biological and clinical relevance of this unexpected specificity of a subtype of influenza A viruses.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Promiscuous Shiga toxin 2e and its intimate relationship to Forssman (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-26
    Description: Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents the major virulence factor responsible for the pig edema disease which is characterized by hemorrhagic lesions, neurological disorders and often fatal outcomes. Stx2e-producing strains from the intestine of slaughtered pigs ( n  = 3), feces of piglets with postweaning diarrhea or edema disease ( n  = 12) and feces of humans with asymptomatic infections or mild diarrhea ( n  = 13) were comparatively analyzed for the binding specificities of Stx2e to glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of the globo-series. Besides equivalent binding towards globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), we could demonstrate specific interaction of Stx2e preparations from human and porcine STEC isolates with Forssman GSL. Notably, Forssman GSL was recognized neither by structurally closely related Stx2 nor by Stx1 derived from human STEC isolates conferring Stx2e a unique recognition feature. Noteworthy, 7 (54%) of the 13 human and 8 (53%) of the 15 pig Stx2e samples exhibited cytotoxic action towards human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Our findings provide a basis for further exploring the functional role of the promiscuous receptor repertoire of Stx2e and the exact nature of the mechanisms that underlie different pathological outcomes of Stx2e-producing STEC in humans and pigs.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Evolution of bacterial pathogenesis (1999)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1420-682X
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9071
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Evolution of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 Based on Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O26:H11/H – is the predominant non-O157 EHEC serotype among patients with diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. To elucidate their phylogeny and association between their phylogenetic background and clinical outcome of the infection, we investigated 120 EHEC O26:H11/H – strains isolated between 1965 and 2012 from asymptomatic carriers and patients with diarrhea or HUS. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) was applied to ten representative EHEC O26 isolates to determine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) localizations within a predefined set of core genes. A multiplex SNP assay, comprising a randomly distributed subset of 48 SNPs, was established to detect SNPs in 110 additional EHEC O26 strains. Within approximately 1 Mb of core genes, WGS resulted in 476 high-quality bi-allelic SNP localizations. Forty-eight of these were subsequently investigated in 110 EHEC O26 and four different SNP clonal complexes (SNP-CC) were identified. SNP-CC2 was significantly associated with the development of HUS. Within the subsequently established evolutionary model of EHEC O26, we dated the emergence of human EHEC O26 to approximately 19,700 years ago and demonstrated a recent evolution within humans into the 4 SNP-CCs over the past 1,650 years. WGS and subsequent SNP typing enabled us to gain new insights into the evolution of EHEC O26 suggesting a common theme in this EHEC group with analogies to EHEC O157. In addition, the SNP-CC analysis may help to assess a risk in infected individuals for the progression to HUS and to implement more specific infection control measures.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Expression of Shiga toxin 2e glycosphingolipid receptors of primary porcine brain endothelial cells and toxin-mediated breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-03
    Description: Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e, released by certain Stx-producing Escherichia coli , is presently the best characterized virulence factor responsible for pig edema disease, which is characterized by hemorrhagic lesions, neurological disorders and often fatal outcomes. Although Stx2e-mediated brain vascular injury is the key event in development of neurologic signs, the glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptors of Stx2e and toxin-mediated impairment of pig brain endothelial cells have not been investigated so far. Here, we report on the detailed structural characterization of Stx2e receptors globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), which make up the major neutral GSLs in primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCECs). Various Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms harboring sphingenine (d18:1) or sphinganine (d18:0) and mostly a long-chain fatty acid (C20–C24) were detected. A notable batch-to-batch heterogeneity of primary endothelial cells was observed regarding the extent of ceramide hydroxylation of Gb3Cer or Gb4Cer species. Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer and sphingomyelin preferentially distribute to detergent-resistant membrane fractions and can be considered lipid raft markers in PBCECs. Moreover, we employed an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which exhibited strong cytotoxic effects of Stx2e on the endothelial monolayer and a rapid collapse of the BBB. These data strongly suggest the involvement of Stx2e in cerebral vascular damage with resultant neurological disturbance characteristic of edema disease.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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