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  • 1
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    Early evolution of apicomplexan parasites [Colloquium Paper] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Apicomplexans are a major lineage of parasites, including causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis. How such highly adapted parasites evolved from free-living ancestors is poorly understood, particularly because they contain nonphotosynthetic plastids with which they have a complex metabolic dependency. Here, we examine the origin of apicomplexan parasitism by...
    Keywords: Symbioses Becoming Permanent: The Origins and Evolutionary Trajectories of Organelles Sackler Colloq
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Importance of crustal relamination in origin of the orogenic mantle peridotite-high-pressure granulite association: example from the Naměšť Granulite Massif (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic) (2015)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-24
    Description: A characteristic association of crustal and mantle rocks is commonly used to decipher processes at the mantle–crust interface of HP–UHP collisional orogenic systems. Also, in the Variscan orogenic root of the Bohemian Massif (the Moldanubian Zone), high-pressure felsic granulites are often accompanied by spinel or garnet peridotites. This association was investigated using petrography, zircon geochronology and whole-rock geochemical data from the Náměšť Granulite Massif. The geochemical signature of the granulite is the same as for other Moldanubian occurrences, suggesting nearly isochemically metamorphosed felsic metaigneous rocks of Saxothuringian provenance. SHRIMP zircon dating yielded two main age maxima, at 395.2 ± 4.4 and 337.2 ± 1.7 Ma, reflecting an Early Devonian protolith and Visean HP metamorphism. As shown by Sr–Nd isotopic data, the variably refertilized harzburgite or depleted lherzolite was variously contaminated by mature crustal material resembling the studied granulites. To account for the origin of these HT–HP rock associations we suggest a new geotectonic model. An eastward continental subduction of Early Palaeozoic felsic metaigneous material of Saxothuringian origin was followed by its relamination at the bottom of the autochthonous lower crust. Ascending felsic granulites derived from the relaminated lower plate material sampled refertilized harzburgites originally formed in a back-arc. The complete assemblage was subsequently exhumed, forming large, diapir-like bodies. Supplementary material: Sample coordinates from the Náměšť Granulite Massif, analytical techniques, SHRIMP age measurements on zircon grains and whole-rock geochemical data are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18833 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 3
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    Functional Organization of the Genome May Shape the Species Boundary in the House Mouse (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: Genomic features such as rate of recombination and differentiation have been suggested to play a role in species divergence. However, the relationship of these phenomena to functional organization of the genome in the context of reproductive isolation remains unexplored. Here, we examine genomic characteristics of the species boundaries between two house mouse subspecies ( Mus musculus musculus / M. m. domesticus ). These taxa form a narrow semipermeable zone of secondary contact across Central Europe. Due to the incomplete nature of reproductive isolation, gene flow in the zone varies across the genome. We present an analysis of genomic differentiation, rate of recombination, and functional composition of genes relative to varying amounts of introgression. We assessed introgression using 1,316 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers, previously genotyped in hybrid populations from three transects. We found a significant relationship between amounts of introgression and both genomic differentiation and rate of recombination with genomic regions of reduced introgression associated with higher genomic differentiation and lower rates of recombination, and the opposite for genomic regions of extensive introgression. We also found a striking functional polarization of genes based on where they are expressed in the cell. Regions of elevated introgression exhibit a disproportionate number of genes involved in signal transduction functioning at the cell periphery, among which olfactory receptor genes were found to be the most prominent group. Conversely, genes expressed intracellularly and involved in DNA binding were the most prevalent in regions of reduced introgression. We hypothesize that functional organization of the genome is an important driver of species divergence.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Divergent Mitochondrial Respiratory Chains in Phototrophic Relatives of Apicomplexan Parasites (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: Four respiratory complexes and ATP-synthase represent central functional units in mitochondria. In some mitochondria and derived anaerobic organelles, a few or all of these respiratory complexes have been lost during evolution. We show that the respiratory chain of Chromera velia, a phototrophic relative of parasitic apicomplexans, lacks complexes I and III, making it a uniquely reduced aerobic mitochondrion. In Chromera , putative lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductases are predicted to transfer electrons from lactate to cytochrome c , rendering complex III unnecessary. The mitochondrial genome of Chromera has the smallest known protein-coding capacity of all mitochondria, encoding just cox1 and cox3 on heterogeneous linear molecules. In contrast, another photosynthetic relative of apicomplexans, Vitrella brassicaformis , retains the same set of genes as apicomplexans and dinoflagellates ( cox1 , cox3 , and cob ).
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    A Complex Distribution of Elongation Family GTPases EF1A and EFL in Basal Alveolate Lineages (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-22
    Description: Translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1A) and the related GTPase EF-like (EFL) are two proteins with a complex mutually exclusive distribution across the tree of eukaryotes. Recent surveys revealed that the distribution of the two GTPases in even closely related taxa is frequently at odds with their phylogenetic relationships. Here, we investigate the distribution of EF1A and EFL in the alveolate supergroup. Alveolates comprise three major lineages: ciliates and apicomplexans encode EF1A, whereas dinoflagellates encode EFL. We searched transcriptome databases for seven early-diverging alveolate taxa that do not belong to any of these groups: colpodellids, chromerids, and colponemids. Current data suggest all seven are expected to encode EF1A, but we find three genera encode EFL: Colpodella , Voromonas , and the photosynthetic Chromera . Comparing this distribution with the phylogeny of alveolates suggests that EF1A and EFL evolution in alveolates cannot be explained by a simple horizontal gene transfer event or lineage sorting.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Anatomy of a diffuse cryptic suture zone: An example from the Bohemian Massif, European Variscides: REPLY (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 7
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    Human Rap1 modulates TRF2 attraction to telomeric DNA (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-14
    Description: More than two decades of genetic research have identified and assigned main biological functions of shelterin proteins that safeguard telomeres. However, a molecular mechanism of how each protein subunit contributes to the protecting function of the whole shelterin complex remains elusive. Human Repressor activator protein 1 (Rap1) forms a multifunctional complex with Telomeric Repeat binding Factor 2 (TRF2). Rap1–TRF2 complex is a critical part of shelterin as it suppresses homology-directed repair in Ku 70/80 heterodimer absence. To understand how Rap1 affects key functions of TRF2, we investigated full-length Rap1 binding to TRF2 and Rap1–TRF2 complex interactions with double-stranded DNA by quantitative biochemical approaches. We observed that Rap1 reduces the overall DNA duplex binding affinity of TRF2 but increases the selectivity of TRF2 to telomeric DNA. Additionally, we observed that Rap1 induces a partial release of TRF2 from DNA duplex. The improved TRF2 selectivity to telomeric DNA is caused by less pronounced electrostatic attractions between TRF2 and DNA in Rap1 presence. Thus, Rap1 prompts more accurate and selective TRF2 recognition of telomeric DNA and TRF2 localization on single/double-strand DNA junctions. These quantitative functional studies contribute to the understanding of the selective recognition of telomeric DNA by the whole shelterin complex.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Chronology, petrogenesis and heat sources for successive Carboniferous magmatic events in the Southern-Central Variscan Vosges Mts (NE France) (2015)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Plutonic bodies of the Central and Southern Vosges Mts can be assigned to two major early Carboniferous magmatic events: a Visean Mg–K event ( c. 345 and 340–336 Ma) and a younger S-type event (329–322 Ma). New petrological, geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data highlight the existence of two groups of Mg–K intrusions that might be related to the nature of their primary magma sources; that is, CHUR-like and enriched mantle, which interacted with juvenile and mature crustal material, respectively. The differences between these two groups are explained by a geodynamic scenario involving deep subduction and relamination of the Saxothuringian continental crust under the Moldanubian continent. The relaminated radiogenic Saxothuringian material is thought to have been responsible for dehydration melting of both subducted crust and underlying metasomatized mantle, thereby generating the Mg–K magma subsequently emplaced at middle crustal depth. During their ascent, the mafic magmas interacted with crustally derived felsic melts. Significantly later ( c . 10–15 myr) a widespread mid-crustal anatexis occurred, generating voluminous granite intrusions from mixed crustal sources (paragneisses and/or immature felsic–intermediate metaigneous rocks mixed with Mg–K plutons). The principal heat source for such a major melting event is related to the presence of Mg–K plutons rich in heat-producing elements, which were responsible, after the time lag specified, for a temperature increase at mid-crustal levels by in situ radiogenic heat production. The current study underlines the importance of deep continental crust subduction and relamination for the magmatism and development of collisional orogens. Supplementary material: Analytical methods and data, and supplementary figures, are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18795 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 9
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    The Variscan orogeny: extent, timescale and the formation of the European crust (2014)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-01
    Description: Extract Hans Stille (1876–1966), probably the most influential European geologist of the first half of the twentieth century, defined four principal tectonic phases responsible for the formation of the Variscan Orogen in Europe (Stille 1920). The first, the Breton Phase, occurred during Late Devonian–early Carboniferous time and was followed by the most important orogenic deformation event, the Sudetic Phase, which took place during early–late Carboniferous time. The younger deformation phases were represented by the Asturian (late Carboniferous) and Saalian (post-Carboniferous–early Permian) folding events. This chronological scheme was based on a sequence of deformation events defined by folding of stratigraphically well-constrained sedimentary strata followed by angular unconformity. Such an approach allowed the definition, to a relatively high precision, of the temporal and spatial extents of distinct crustal-scale deformation events throughout the whole European Variscan belt. ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 10
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    Anatomy of a diffuse cryptic suture zone: An example from the Bohemian Massif, European Variscides (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: The fate of the lower plate during continental collision can be examined in deeply eroded orogens such as the late Paleozoic Variscan belt in continental Europe. In particular, the Bohemian Massif at its eastern extremity preserves well the evolution of an Andean-type orogen involved in continental collision. This process included relamination of subducted light felsic material rich in radioactive elements underneath a dense mafic lower crust of the upper plate. This led to gravity-driven overturns and overprinting of the original suture by a broad zone of mixed upper and lower plate materials. In the studied example, this zone of interaction repeatedly reappears within the orogen, forming a so-called "diffuse cryptic suture zone."
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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