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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eddy-correlation measurements of fluxes of heat and momentum over grassland in The Netherlands (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 51-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Veröffentlichung ist ein erster Bericht über Dauermessungen des Wärme- und Wasserdampfstromes zur Erdoberfläche, in dem vor allem die turbuleneten Transporte betrachtet werden. Es wurden Messungen aller Terme der Energiebilanzgleichung mit Ausnahme der Verdunstung auf einer Wiese durchgeführt. Die Wärme- und Impulsströme wurden in 1 m Höhe mit Hilfe des Turbulenzkorrelationsverfahrens gemessen. Die turbulenten Schwankungen des Windes wurden für drei Komponenten eines Cartesischen Koordinatensystems aus Messungen mit drei Hitzdrahtanemometern bestimmt. Die Temperaturschwankungen wurden mit einem empfindlichen Widerstandsthermometer registriert und zusammen mit den Angaben der Hitzdrahtanemometer auf einem Magnetband aufgenommen. Aus diesen Messungen wurden Co-spectra für die Wärme- und Impulsströme abgeleitet und diese mit Angaben verschiedener Autoren verglichen. Im allgemeinen war die Übereinstimmung befriedigend, aber in einzelnen Fällen zeigten sich erhebliche Unterschiede. Aus der Energiebilanzgleichung abgeleitete Verdunstungswerte wurden mit berechneten Werten der potentiellen Verdunstung verglichen. Bei trockenem Boden sind die gemessenen Werte erheblich geringer als die berechneten, eine Hinweisung darauf, daß die Hautporen sich infolge Wassermangel schließen. In den Schwankungen der Werte des Bowen Quotienten sind die Zeitausschnitte mit geschlossenen Hautporen deutlich zu erkennen.
    Notes: Summary This paper is a first report on a programme aimed at recording continuously heat and vapour fluxes close to the earth's surface. Measurements of the terms in the energy balance of grassland, with the exception of the evaporative flux, were performed. The experimental site is described; it is considered to be representative for large grassland areas in Western Europe. The paper concentrates on turbulent transport measurements. Fluxes of heat and momentum are measured by the eddy-correlation method at a height of 1 m. Wind velocity components were determined with three hot-wire anemometers, the temperature with a rapid resistance thermometer. The experimental and data processing systems are described. Co-spectra for momentum and heat fluxes were obtained and compared with those found by other investigators. In some cases marked differences were observed. The evaporation rate was derived from the energy balance equation and compared with a calculated potential evaporation rate. The two correspond fairly well, except under dry soil conditions, when actual evaporation rates were lower than potential ones. The Bowen ratio showed wide variations from hour to hour and day to day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246535
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static pressure around a thin barrier (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1984), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Statische Druckaufnehmer nach dem Entwurf von Elliott [l] sind nachgebaut und eingehend getestet worden. Die Genauigkeit der Druckmessungen ist besser als 4% von dem Staudruck für Anstellwinkel weniger als 10°. Die Druckaufnehmer sind bei statischen Druckmessungen in freiem Feld angewendet worden. Um einen dichten Zaun wurden die statischen Druckprofile gemessen. Es zeigte sich, daß die statischen Druckprofile von der thermischen Stabilität der Atmosphäre abhängig waren. Der Druckunterschied um den Zaun nahm mit der Höhe etwas ab, war aber mehr oder weniger unabhängig von der thermischen Schichtung.
    Notes: Summary Static pressure sensors as designed by Elliott [1], have been rebuilt and thoroughly tested. The accuracy of the mean static pressure measurements is better than 4% of the stagnation pressure for incidence angles less than 10°. The sensors were used in a field experiment. Mean static pressure profiles were measured around a thin closed fence. The static pressure profiles proved to be dependent on the thermal stratification of the atmosphere. The pressure difference around the barrier, however, decreased somewhat with height but was more or less independent of the thermal stratification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269415
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dew measurements along a longitudinal sand dune transect, Negev Desert, Israel (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 43 (2000), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  In a desert environment dew can serve as an important source of moisture for plants, biological crusts, insects and small animals. A measurement programme was carried out within a sand dune belt situated in the northwestern Negev desert, Israel, to measure daily amounts of dew deposition as well as micro-meteorological conditions during the dew formation and early-morning drying process. Dew quantities were measured by micro-lysimeters along a 200-m transect as well as by the eddy-correlation technique at a reference location. A simple physical model was constructed to simulate the dew deposition process as well as early-morning drying for the interdune area and the north- and south-facing dune slopes. Measurements carried out during September and October 1997 showed that the daily amounts of dew ranged between 0.1 mm/night and 0.3 mm/night within the interdune area. On the slopes, the amounts of dew were about 50% lower. Simulated results agreed well with the field data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050007
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The conductance of a maize crop and the underlying soil to ozone under various environmental conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 69 (1994), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flux measurements of ozone and water vapour employing the eddy correlation technique were used to determine the surface conductance and canopy conductance to ozone. In the surface conductance to ozone, all surfaces at which ozone is destroyed and the transport process to these surfaces are included. The canopy conductance to ozone represents the ozone uptake of transpiring plant parts. The surface conductance to ozone of the maize crop and the underlying soil was generally larger than the canopy conductance to ozone. This means that beside the uptake by stomata, there was another important ozone sink. Under wet soil surface conditions, the surface conductance and the canopy conductance to ozone coincided. This indicates that the resistance of wet soil and the remaining plant parts (cuticle) to ozone was much larger than the stomatal or soil resistance. On the other hand, under dry soil conditions the conductances differ, largely caused by a variation in the transport process to the soil. The transport of ozone to soil increased with increasing friction velocity (u *) and decreased with increasing atmospheric stability, leaf area index (LAI) or crop height (h). These effects for midday (unstable) conditions were parameterized with an “in-crop” aerodynamic resistance,r inc in a very straightforward way;r inc=13.9 LAIh/u *+67 (cc.=0.77). If the ozone flux in air pollution models is described with a simple resistance model (Big Leaf model), the extra destruction at the soil should be modelled using an “in-crop” aerodynamic resistance. For these measurements the ozone flux to the soil was 0–65% of the total ozone flux measured above the crop. Under wet soil conditions, this was less than 20%; under dry soil conditions, this was 30–65%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713296
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nighttime free convection characteristics within a plant canopy (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 71 (1994), S. 375-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intensive measurement campaign within and above a maize row canopy was carried out to investigate flow characteristics within this vegetation. Attention was given to finding adequate scaling parameters of the within-canopy windspeed and air temperature profiles under above-canopy stable stratification. During clear and calm nights the within-canopy condition differs considerably from the abovecanopy state. In contrast to the daytime, the windspeed and temperature profiles do not scale with the above-canopy friction velocity,u * , and the scaling temperature,T * , respectively. A free convection flow regime is generated, forced by the soil heat flux at the canopy floor and by cooling at the top of the canopy. However, the windspeed and temperature profiles appear to scale well with the free convective velocity scale,w * , and the free convective temperature scale,T f , respectively. The free convective state within the canopy agrees well with the free convection criterion Gr〉16Re2(u * ), where Gr is the Grashof number and Re(u * ) the Reynolds number, a criterion often used in technical flow problems. Also it is shown that under within-canopy free convection, there is a unique relation between the Grashof number, Gr, and the Reynolds number if the latter is based on the free convective velocity scale. Under within-canopy free convective conditions, it appears that within the canopy the fluxes of heat and water vapour can be estimated well with the relatively simple variance technique. Under these conditions, the Grashof, or Rayleigh number, represents a measure for the kinetic energy of the turbulence within the canopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712176
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Behavior of a Natural Shallow Water Body during a Summer Period (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 59 (1998), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary For many biological processes, the daily and seasonal behavior of the temperature of the water layer close to the water surface is very important. An example is the development of larvas of mosquito species which develop in small still water bodies. An outdoor experiment during a summer period of four months has been executed in a small water body situated within a bog area, in order to obtain insight into the daily and seasonal temperature behavior of this water body. The measurements show that during daytime a strong thermal stratification occurs in the water body and that during nighttime a well mixed layer develops growing from the water surface. In the upper water layer a well developed daily temperature cycle is present. This cycle is strongly reduced by depth. On average, the daily maximum water temperature excursion from the mean agree with the daily maximum air temperature excursion from the mean. The range between maximum and minimum water temperature correlate well with the daily global irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050017
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drag of a thin closed fence estimated by the momentum budget technique (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 37 (1986), S. 166-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Widerstandsbeiwert eines dichten dünnen Zaunes, der am Erdboden befestigt war, wurde bestimmt. Dabei wurde das Impulsbilanzverfahren an einem kleinen und schmalen Kontrollvolumen angewendet. Es zeigte sich, daß der Widerstandsbeiwert stark von der thermischen Schichtung der Atmosphäre abhängig war. Bei thermisch neutralem Zustand stimmte das Resultat gut mit unabhängigen direkten Messungen überein.
    Notes: Summary In a full-scale field study, the drag coefficient has been estimated of a closed thin fence, which has been attached to the earth's surface. The momentum budget method has been applied to a small and narrow control volume around the fence. It appeared that the drag coefficient was strongly dependent on the thermal stratification of the atmosphere. The result under thermally near-neutral conditions agreed well with an independent direct measuring technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867850
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  • 8
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    The influence of temperature and climate change on the timing of pollen release in the Netherlands. (2002)
    In:  International Journal of Climatology 22(14), 1757-1767.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Description: Analyse der Beziehung zwischen Klimaparameter, insbesondere Temperatur, und dem Beginn der Pollensaison im westlichen Teil der Niederlande basierend auf den Tagespollenwerten des Leiden University Medical Centre und den Temperaturwerten von 1969 bis 2000 des Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in De Bilt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Ergebnisse zeigen starke Korrelation zwischen Temperatur und Beginn der Pollensaison mit Vorverschiebung des Beginns der Pollensaison um 3 bis zu 22 Tage KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niederlande ; 1969-2000 ; Umweltmedizin ; Phänologie
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  • 9
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    Nighttime free convection characteristics within a plant canopy (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    The conductance of a maize crop and the underlying soil to ozone under various environmental conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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