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  • 1
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    The leading-edge vortex on a rotating wing changes markedly beyond a certain central body size (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-12
    Description: Stable attachment of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) plays a key role in generating the high lift on rotating wings with a central body. The central body size can affect the LEV structure broadly in two ways. First, an overall change in the size changes the Reynolds number, which is known to have an influence on the LEV structure. Second, it may affect the Coriolis acceleration acting across the wing, depending on the wing-offset from the axis of rotation. To investigate this, the effects of Reynolds number and the wing-offset are independently studied for a rotating wing. The three-dimensional LEV structure is mapped using a scanning particle image velocimetry technique. The rapid acquisition of images and their correlation are carefully validated. The results presented in this paper show that the LEV structure changes mainly with the Reynolds number. The LEV-split is found to be only minimally affected by changing the central body radius in the range of small offsets, which interestingly includes the range for most insects. However, beyond this small offset range, the LEV-split is found to change dramatically.
    Keywords: biomimetics, biophysics, fluid mechanics
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ueber schwefligsaure Salze (1847)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 41 (1847), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.18470410131
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
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    Ultraviolet/Ozone as a Tool To Control Grafting Density in Surface-Initiated Controlled-Radical Polymerizations via Ablation of Bromine (2016)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In: Langmuir
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Langmuir DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01976
    Print ISSN: 0743-7463
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5827
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 4
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    Sediment availability on burned hillslopes (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-01
    Description: [1]  Erodibility describes the inherent resistance of soil to erosion. Hillslope erosion models typically consider erodibility to be constant with depth. This may not be the case after wildfire because erodibility is partly determined by the availability of non-cohesive soil and ash at the surface. This study quantifies erodibility of burned soils using methods that explicitly capture variations in soil properties with depth. Flume experiments on intact cores from three sites in western United States showed that erodibility of fire-affected soil was highest at the soil surface and declined exponentially within the top 20 mm of the soil profile, with root density and soil depth accounting for 62 % of the variation. Variation in erodibility with depth resulted in transient sediment flux during erosion experiments on bounded field plots. Material that contributed to transient flux was conceptualized as a layer of non-cohesive material of variable depth ( d nc ). This depth was related to shear strength measurements, and sampled spatially to obtain the probability distribution of non-cohesive material as a function of depth below the surface. After wildfire in southeast Australia, the initial d nc ranged from 7.5 to 9.1 mm, which equated to 97 - 117 Mg ha -1 of non-cohesive material. The depth decreased exponentially with time since wildfire to 0.4 mm (or 〈 5 Mg ha -1 ) after three years of recovery. The results are organized into a framework for modeling fire effects on erodibility as a function of the production and depletion of the non-cohesive layer overlying a cohesive layer.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Scale dependency of effective hydraulic conductivity on fire-affected hillslopes (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Effective hydraulic conductivity ( K e ) for Hortonian overland flow modeling has been defined as a function of rainfall intensity and runon infiltration assuming a distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivities ( K s ). But surface boundary condition during infiltration and its interactions with the distribution of K s are not well represented in models. As a result, the mean value of the K s distribution ), which is the central parameter for K e , varies between scales. Here we quantify this discrepancy with a large infiltration data set comprising four different methods and scales from fire-affected hillslopes in SE Australia using a relatively simple yet widely used conceptual model of K e . Ponded disk (0.002 m 2 ) and ring infiltrometers (0.07 m 2 ) were used at the small scales and rainfall simulations (3 m 2 ) and small catchments (ca 3000 m 2 ) at the larger scales. We compared between methods measured at the same time and place. Disk and ring infiltrometer measurements had on average 4.8 times higher values of than rainfall simulations and catchment scale estimates. Furthermore, the distribution of K s was not clearly log-normal and scale-independent, as supposed in the conceptual model. In our interpretation water repellency and preferential flow paths increase the variance of the measured distribution of K s and bias ponding towards areas of very low K s during rainfall simulations and small catchment runoff events while areas with high preferential flow capacity remain water supply limited more than the conceptual model of K e predicts. The study highlights problems in the current theory of scaling runoff generation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Effects of aridity in controlling the magnitude of runoff and erosion after wildfire (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: This study represents a uniquely high resolution observation of post-wildfire runoff and erosion from dry forested uplands of SE Australia. We monitored runoff and sediment load, and temporal changes in soil surface properties from two (0.2-0.3 ha) dry forested catchments burned during the 2009 Black Saturday wildfire. Event-based surface runoff to rainfall ratios approached 0.45 during the first year post-wildfire, compared to reported values 〈0.01 for less arid hillslopes. Extremely high runoff ratios in these dry forests were attributed to wildfire induced soil water repellency and inherently low hydraulic conductivity. Mean ponded hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1 to 30 mm h −1 , much lower than values commonly reported for wetter forest. Annual sediment yields peaked at 10 t ha −1 during the first year before declining dramatically to background levels, suggesting high-magnitude erosion processes may become limited by sediment availability on hillslopes. Small differences in aridity between equatorial and polar-facing catchments produced substantial differences in surface runoff and erosion, most likely due to higher infiltration and surface roughness on polar-facing slopes. In summary the results show that post-wildfire erosion processes in Eucalypt forests in south-east Australia are highly variable and that distinctive response domains within the region exist between different forest types, therefore regional generalisations are problematic. The large differences in erosion processes with relatively small changes in aridity have large implications for predicting hydrologic driven geomorphic changes, land degradation and water contamination through erosion after wildfire across the landscape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    A heat-switch-based electrocaloric cooler (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-01
    Description: A heat-switch-based electrocaloric cooler is reported in this letter. The device consists of two silicon heat switches and an electrocaloric module based on BaTO 3 multilayer capacitors (MLCs). To operate the cooler, the heat switches are actuated synchronously with the application of electric fields across the MLCs. Heat flux versus temperature lift is fully characterized. With an electric field strength of 277 kV/cm, the system achieves a maximum heat flux of 36 mW and maximum temperature lift of greater than 0.3 °C, close to the expected MLC adiabatic temperature change of 0.5 °C. The cooler is shown to work reliably over thousands of actuation cycles.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 8
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    Changes to sediment sources following wildfire in a forested upland catchment, south-eastern Australia (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-10
    Description: Few investigations link post-fire changes to sediment sources and erosion processes with sediment yield response at the catchment scale. This linkage is essential if downstream impacts on sediment transport after fire are to be understood in the context of fire effects across different forest environments. In this study, we quantify changing source contributions to fine sediment (〈63 µm) exported from a eucalypt forest catchment (136 ha) burnt by wildfire. The study catchment is one of a pair of research catchments located in the East Kiewa River valley in south-eastern Australia that have been the subject of a research program investigating wildfire effects on runoff, erosion and catchment sediment/nutrient exports. This previous research provided the opportunity to couple insights gained from a range of measurement techniques with the application of fallout radionuclides 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex to trace sediment sources. It was found that hillslope surface erosion dominated exports throughout the 3.5 year post-fire measurement period. During this time there was a pronounced decline in the proportional surface contribution from close to 100% in the first six months to 58% in the fourth year after fire. Over the study period, hillslope surface sources accounted for 93% of the fine sediment yield from the burnt catchment. The largest decline in the hillslope contribution occurred between the first and second years after fire, which corresponded with the previously reported large decline in sediment yield, breakdown of water repellency in burnt soils, substantial reduction in hillslope erodibility, and rapid surface vegetation recovery. Coupling the information on sediment sources with hillslope process measurements indicated that only a small proportion of slopes contributed sediment to the catchment outlet, with material derived from near-channel areas dominating the post-fire catchment sediment yield response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Modeling effects of CHD8 loss of function in NPCs [Genetics] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-22
    Description: Truncating mutations of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8), and of many other genes with diverse functions, are strong-effect risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suggesting multiple mechanisms of pathogenesis. We explored the transcriptional networks that CHD8 regulates in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by reducing its expression and then...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Careers in science. More women in science (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Handelsman, Jo -- Cantor, Nancy -- Carnes, Molly -- Denton, Denice -- Fine, Eve -- Grosz, Barbara -- Hinshaw, Virginia -- Marrett, Cora -- Rosser, Sue -- Shalala, Donna -- Sheridan, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 19;309(5738):1190-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA. joh@ plantpath.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16109868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Career Choice ; *Career Mobility ; Education, Graduate ; *Faculty ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Personnel Selection ; Prejudice ; *Science ; Universities ; *Women
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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