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  • 1
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    The origins of genome complexity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Complete genomic sequences from diverse phylogenetic lineages reveal notable increases in genome complexity from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. The changes include gradual increases in gene number, resulting from the retention of duplicate genes, and more abrupt increases in the abundance of spliceosomal introns and mobile genetic elements. We argue that many of these modifications emerged passively in response to the long-term population-size reductions that accompanied increases in organism size. According to this model, much of the restructuring of eukaryotic genomes was initiated by nonadaptive processes, and this in turn provided novel substrates for the secondary evolution of phenotypic complexity by natural selection. The enormous long-term effective population sizes of prokaryotes may impose a substantial barrier to the evolution of complex genomes and morphologies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, Michael -- Conery, John S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1401-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. mlynch@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Body Constitution ; Eukaryota/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fungi/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Silencing ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Humans ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; Introns ; Invertebrates/genetics ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/genetics ; Population Density ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Spliceosomes ; Vertebrates/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: Gene duplication has generally been viewed as a necessary source of material for the origin of evolutionary novelties, but it is unclear how often gene duplicates arise and how frequently they evolve new functions. Observations from the genomic databases for several eukaryotic species suggest that duplicate genes arise at a very high rate, on average 0.01 per gene per million years. Most duplicated genes experience a brief period of relaxed selection early in their history, with a moderate fraction of them evolving in an effectively neutral manner during this period. However, the vast majority of gene duplicates are silenced within a few million years, with the few survivors subsequently experiencing strong purifying selection. Although duplicate genes may only rarely evolve new functions, the stochastic silencing of such genes may play a significant role in the passive origin of new species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, M -- Conery, J S -- R01-GM36827/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1151-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. mlynch@oregon.uoregon.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Chickens/genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Silencing ; *Genes, Duplicate ; *Genome ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Oryza/genetics ; Probability ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Computation is Symbol Manipulation (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: Computation can be seen as symbol manipulation Indeed, a computation is a sequence of simple, well-defined steps that can lead to the solution of a problem. The problem itself must be defined exactly and unambiguously, and each step in the computation that solves the problem must be described in very specific terms.
    Print ISSN: 0010-4620
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2067
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Computation is Symbol Manipulation (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-29
    Print ISSN: 0010-4620
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2067
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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