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  • 1
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    Symbiodinium thermophilum sp. nov., a thermotolerant symbiotic alga prevalent in corals of the world's hottest sea, the Persian/Arabian Gulf (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-28
    Description: Coral reefs are in rapid decline on a global scale due to human activities and a changing climate. Shallow water reefs depend on the obligatory symbiosis between the habitat forming coral host and its algal symbiont from the genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae). This association is highly sensitive to thermal perturbations and temperatures as little as 1°C above the average summer maxima can cause the breakdown of this symbiosis, termed coral bleaching. Predicting the capacity of corals to survive the expected increase in seawater temperatures depends strongly on our understanding of the thermal tolerance of the symbiotic algae. Here we use molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genetic markers to describe Symbiodinium thermophilum, sp. nov. from the Persian/Arabian Gulf, a thermally tolerant coral symbiont. Phylogenetic inference using the non-coding region of the chloroplast psbA gene resolves S. thermophilum as a monophyletic lineage with large genetic distances from any other ITS2 C3 type found outside the Gulf. Through the characterisation of Symbiodinium associations of 6 species (5 genera) of Gulf corals, we demonstrate that S. thermophilum is the prevalent symbiont all year round in the world's hottest sea, the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08562
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Carbon sources in the North Sea evaluated by means of radium and stable carbon isotope tracers (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: A multitracer approach is applied to assess the impact of boundary fluxes (e.g., benthic input from sediments or lateral inputs from the coastline) on the acid-base buffering capacity, and overall biogeochemistry, of the North Sea. Analyses of both basin-wide observations in the North Sea and transects through tidal basins at the North-Frisian coastline, reveal that surface distributions of the δ 13 C signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are predominantly controlled by a balance between biological production and respiration. In particular, variability in metabolic DIC throughout stations in the well-mixed southern North Sea indicates the presence of an external carbon source, which is traced to the European continental coastline using naturally occurring radium isotopes ( 224 Ra and 228 Ra). 228 Ra is also shown to be a highly effective tracer of North Sea total alkalinity (AT) compared to the more conventional use of salinity. Coastal inputs of metabolic DIC and AT are calculated on a basin-wide scale, and ratios of these inputs suggest denitrification as a primary metabolic pathway for their formation. The AT input paralleling the metabolic DIC release prevents a significant decline in pH as compared to aerobic (i.e., unbuffered) release of metabolic DIC. Finally, long-term pH trends mimic those of riverine nitrate loading, highlighting the importance of coastal AT production via denitrification in regulating pH in the southern North Sea.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 3
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    Pulmonary venous circulating tumor cell dissemination before tumor resection and disease relapse (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 1078-8956
    Electronic ISSN: 1546-170X
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Estimating the Fitness Effects of New Mutations in the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-09
    Description: The nature of selection acting on a population is in large measure determined by the distribution of fitness effects of new mutations. In this study, we use DNA sequences from four closely related clades of Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify and polarize new mutations and estimate their fitness effects. By progressively restricting the analyses to narrower categories of sites, we further seek to characterize sites with predictable mutational effects, that is, unconditionally deleterious, neutral or beneficial. Consistent with previous studies on S. paradoxus , we have failed to find evidence for mutations with beneficial effects, even in regions that were divergent in two outgroup clades, perhaps a consequence of the relatively unchallenged, predominantly asexual and highly inbred lifestyle of this species. On the other hand, there is abundant evidence of deleterious mutations, varying in severity of effect from strongly deleterious to very mild, particularly in regions conserved in the outgroup taxa, indicating a history of persistent purifying selection. Narrowing the analysis down to individual amino acids reduces further the range of effects: for example, mutations changing cysteine are predicted to be nearly always strongly deleterious, whereas those changing arginine, serine, and tyrosine are expected to be nearly neutral. The proportion of mutations with deleterious effects for a particular amino acid is correlated with long-term stasis of that amino acid among highly divergent sequences from a variety of organisms, showing that functionality of sites tends to persist through the diversification of clades and that our findings are also relevant to longer evolutionary times and other taxa.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Requirements for effective malaria control with homing endonuclease genes [Applied Biological Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-26
    Description: Malaria continues to impose a substantial burden on human health. We have previously proposed that biological approaches to control the mosquito vector of disease could be developed using homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), a class of selfish or parasitic gene that exists naturally in many microbes. Recent lab studies have demonstrated that HEGs can function in mosquitoes. We constructed and analyzed a model of mosquito population genetics and malaria epidemiology to determine how well HEGs need to function in order to have a significant effect on the burden of disease. Our model, combined with currently available data, indicates that populations of Anopheles gambiae could be eliminated by releasing 2–3 HEGs targeting female fertility genes, or a driving-Y chromosome that is transmitted to 75–96% of progeny. Combinations of fertility-targeting HEGs and Y drive may also be effective. It is possible to eliminate the disease without eliminating the vector, but the parameter space producing this outcome appears to be small. HEGs causing a quantitative reduction in adult survival can be more effective than those targeting female fertility, but the selection coefficients that need to be imposed are still large, unless many HEGs are to be released. Simulations show that HEG-based strategies can be effective over socially relevant time frames. Important limiting assumptions of the models are that there is only a single vector species, and we model a homogeneous population, not a landscape. Nevertheless, we conclude that HEG-based approaches could have a transformational effect on malaria control efforts.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Radium isotopes as a tracer of sediment-water column exchange in the North Sea (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-19
    Description: Sediment-water column exchange plays an important role in coastal biogeochemistry. We utilize short-lived radium isotopes ( 224 Ra and 223 Ra) to understand and quantify the dominant processes governing sediment-water column exchange throughout the North Sea. Our comprehensive survey, conducted in September 2011, represents the first of its kind conducted in the North Sea. We find that two main sources regulate surface Ra distributions: minor coastal input from rivers and shallow mudflats, and North Sea sediments as the dominant source. Porewaters show 100-fold larger activities than the water column. North Sea sediment characteristics such as porosity and mean grain size, as well as turbulence at the sediment-water interface, are the dominant factors contributing to variability of Ra efflux. Ra inventory and mass-balance approaches consistently yield high benthic Ra effluxes in the southern North Sea, driven by strong tidal and wind mixing, which in turn cause high sediment irrigation rates. These results exceed incubation-based Ra flux estimates, and the majority of previously reported Ra flux estimates for other regions. Ra-based estimates of benthic alkalinity fluxes compare well to observed values and the high rates of Ra efflux imply a potentially significant exchange of other products of sedimentary reactions, including carbon and nutrient species. Passive tracer simulations lend strong support to the Ra source attribution and imply seasonal variation in the surface water Ra distribution depending on stratification conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: New applications of laser microbeam irradiation to cell and developmental biology include a new instrument with a tunable wavelength (217- to 800-nanometer) laser microbeam and a wide range of energies and exposure durations (down to 25 X 10(-12) second). Laser microbeams can be used for microirradiation of selected nucleolar genetic regions and for laser microdissection of mitotic and cytoplasmic organelles. They are also used to disrupt the developing neurosensory appendages of the cricket and the imaginal discs of Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berns, M W -- Aist, J -- Edwards, J -- Strahs, K -- Girton, J -- McNeill, P -- Rattner, J B -- Kitzes, M -- Hammer-Wilson, M -- Liaw, L H -- Siemens, A -- Koonce, M -- Peterson, S -- Brenner, S -- Burt, J -- Walter, R -- Bryant, P J -- van Dyk, D -- Coulombe, J -- Cahill, T -- Berns, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):505-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Chloroplasts/physiology ; Drosophila ; *Lasers ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Microsurgery/*methods ; Mitochondria/physiology ; Mitosis ; Neurons/physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Population collapse dynamics in Acropora downingi, an Arabian/Persian Gulf ecosystem-engineering coral, linked to rising temperature (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: As in the tropical Atlantic, Acropora populations in the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf plummeted within two decades after having been ecosystem engineers on most wave-exposed reefs since the Pleistocene. Since 1996/8 live coral cover in the Gulf declined by over 90% in many areas, primarily due to bleaching and diseases caused by rising temperatures. In the formerly dominant table-coral species A. downingi , population dynamics corresponding to disturbance regimes was quantified in three transition matrices (lower disturbance pre-1996; moderate disturbance from 1998-2010 and 2013-17, disturbed in 1996/8, 2010/11/12, 2017). Increased disturbance frequency and severity caused progressive reduction in coral size, cover, and population fecundity. Small size-classes were bolstered more by partial colony mortality than sexual recruitment. Some large corals had a size refuge and resisted die-back but were also lost with increasing disturbance. Matrix and biophysical larval flow models suggested one metapopulation. Southern, Arabian, populations could be connected to northern, Iranian, populations but this connectivity was lost under assumptions of pelagic larval duration at rising temperatures shortened to a third. Then, the metapopulation disintegrated into isolated populations. Connectivity required to avoid extinctions increased exponentially with disturbance frequency and correlation of disturbances across the metapopulation. Populations became unsustainable at 8 disturbances in 15 years, when even highest theoretical recruitment no longer compensated mortality. This lethal disturbance frequency was 3-fold that of the moderately-disturbed monitoring period and 4-fold of the preceding low-disturbance period – suggesting ongoing shortening of the disturbance-free period. Observed population collapse and environmental changes in the Gulf suggest that A. downingi is heading towards at least functional extinction mainly due to increasingly frequent temperature-induced mortality events, clearly linked to climate change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    [ASAP] An Enzyme-Directed Imidazoquinoline Activated by Drug Resistance (2018)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-30
    Description: Biochemistry DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00095
    Print ISSN: 0006-2960
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-4995
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 10
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    Carbon : Chlorophyll ratios and net primary productivity of Subarctic Pacific surface waters derived from autonomous shipboard sensors (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We present optically-derived estimates of phytoplankton carbon (C phyto ) and chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) across a wide range of productivity and hydrographic regimes in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean. Our high-frequency measurements capture changes in C phyto and Chl across regional gradients in macro- and micronutrient limitation, and sub-mesoscale hydrographic frontal zones. Throughout the majority of our survey region, carbon to chlorophyll ratios (C phyto :Chl) ranged between 50-100. Lower values (10-20) were constrained to the highly productive coastal upwelling system along Vancouver Island, whereas higher estimated values (〉200) were found directly off the southern British Columbia continental shelf. Further offshore, C phyto :Chl was less variable, ranging from 50-80 in high nutrient low Chl (HNLC) waters in June, and from 80-120 in the Gulf of Alaska in July. Much of the variability in C phyto :Chl throughout the study region could be explained by mixed layer light levels (i.e. photo-acclimation), with additional variability attributed to nutrient-controlled changes in phytoplankton growth rates in some regions. Elevated C phyto :Chl ratios resulting from apparent nutrient stress were found in areas of low macro-nutrient concentrations. In contrast, iron-limited waters exhibited C phyto :Chl ratios lower than predicted from the photo-acclimation model. Applying the Carbon-based production model, we derived C phyto and Chl-based estimates of net primary productivity, which showed good coherence with independent 14 C uptake measurements. Our results highlight the utility of ship-board optical data to examine phytoplankton physiological ecology and productivity in surface marine waters.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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