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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protease inhibitors from Streptomyces violascens (1972)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 83 (1972), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A double-layer agar method was developed for screening microorganisms producing protease inhibitors. After colonies were grown on skim-milk agar, an agar containing sterile protease was poured onto the bottom layer. After incubation the skim-milk agar turned transparent except around colonies producing protease inhibitors. The frequency of such organisms in samples of soil, manure, and hay was studied. 27 of more than 10 000 colonies showed a significant protease-inhibiting capacity. One organism with a high trypsin-inhibiting capacity was identified as Streptomyces violascens (Preobrazhenskaya and Sveshnikova) Pridham et al. and selected for further studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425046
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protease inhibitors from Streptomyces violascens (1972)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 83 (1972), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Production of protease inhibitors from Streptomyces violascens U 10 600 was studied in quiescent flasks, shake flasks, and fermentors. A starting pH in the medium between pH 6 and 7 was the most favourable for the process. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors were produced. Maximum inhibitor activity was attained after 3 days of cultivation in a protein powder medium at 18°C with pH control to pH 5 during the latter part of the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425047
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intravenous glibenclamide in Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (2000), S. 721-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Glibenclamide ; Insulin ; Proinsulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We analysed the kinetics and effects of glibenclamide (Gb) on glucose, insulin and proinsulin secretion in two ethnic groups (10 in each) of type-2 diabetic patients, one of Caucasian, the other of Chinese origin. Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a global disease affecting all ethnic groups. There are ethnic differences in both the prevalence and metabolic characteristics of the disease. Important interethnic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences have been reported for several drugs. With few exceptions, detailed studies on sulphonylurea are lacking. Material and methods: The patients were studied on two occasions when either no Gb (control) or 1.25 mg Gb was administered i.v., immediately before the administration of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Concentrations of insulin and proinsulin were determined by means of radioimmunoassay without cross-reactivities. Gb concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacodynamic results were calculated using net areas under the curves, with basal values set as zero. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: When glucose was administered orally without Gb, Chinese patients had higher plasma glucose increases at 10 min (7.6 mmol/l × min vs 2.6 mmol/l × min) and higher increases of plasma insulin levels than Caucasians at both 10 min (198 pmol/l × min vs 54 pmol/l × min) and 30 min (2286 pmol/l × min vs 1198 pmol/l × min). When Gb was administered, the plasma glucose increases were reduced, and the increases of serum insulin and proinsulin levels were greater in both ethnic groups. Compared with the basal values (−1 min), proinsulin/insulin ratios (RPI) were lowest at 10–30 min, followed by an increase. Chinese patients had higher increases of serum insulin levels at 10 min (1109 pmol/l × min vs 550 pmol/l × min) and a lower RPI at 30 min (6.0% vs 7.6%) and 240 min (15.0% vs 21.0%) relative to Caucasians. Serum Gb data were best fitted to a biexponential i.v. model. There were no interethnic differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters. Conclusion: In summary, following oral glucose administration without Gb, Chinese type-2 diabetic patients had higher plasma insulin levels but also higher plasma glucose levels during the first 10 min, which might reflect reduced insulin sensitivity or more rapid glucose absorption. Gb augmented glucose-induced release of both insulin and proinsulin in both ethnic groups; the effect on insulin secretion was more pronounced. In conclusion, minor pharmacodynamic but no pharmacokinetic differences were found between the two groups. It seems appropriate to employ the same dosage principles when using Gb in Caucasians and Chinese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide and its metabolites in diabetic patients with impaired renal function (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 53 (1998), S. 429-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Glibenclamide ; Kidney disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Glibenclamide (Gb) may provoke long-lasting hypoglycaemic reactions, and one of the known risk factors is impaired renal function. We have demonstrated Gb to have a terminal elimination half-life of 15 h, and the main metabolites have a hypoglycaemic effect. With few exceptions, detailed studies on second generation sulphonylureas in diabetics with impaired renal function are lacking. Therefore, we analysed the pharmacokinetics of Gb and its active metabolites, 4-trans-hydroxyglibenclamide (M1) and 3-cis-hydroxyglibenclamide (M2) in this patient group. Methods: Two groups of 11 diabetic patients with impaired renal function (IRF, iohexol clearance range 7–42 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2) or normal renal function (NRF, iohexol clearance range 75–140 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2) were compared. A single oral 7-mg dose of Gb was administered after overnight fasting. Serum samples and urine collections were obtained over 48 h and 24 h, respectively. Concentrations of Gb, M1 and M2 were determined by a sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Results: Peak serum values of M1 (24–85 ng · ml−1 vs 16–57 ng · ml−1), M2 (7–22 ng · ml−1 vs 〈5–18 ng · ml−1) and M1 + M2 (32–100 ng · ml−1 vs 23–76 ng · ml−1) were higher in the IRF group. AUC and Cmax of Gb were lower and the clearance to bioavailability ratio (CL/f) was higher in the IRF group. AUC and Cmax of M1 were higher and CL/f lower in the IRF group. Much lower amounts of M1 and M2 were excreted in the urine in the IRF group (7.2% vs 26.4% in 24 h). The fraction of the Gb dose excreted as metabolites (fe(met) 0–24 h), ranged between 0.005 and 0.36 and correlated significantly with renal function measured by iohexol clearance. No other pharmacokinetic differences were found. Conclusion: The differences in AUC, Cmax and CL/f of Gb may be explained by a higher free fraction in the IRF group which would increase Gb metabolic clearance. The inverse findings regarding M1 may be explained by the fact that the metabolites are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. After a single dose of Gb, neither Gb, M1 nor M2 seemed to accumulate in diabetic subjects with IRF. As only small amounts of M1 and M2 were excreted in the urine, this indicates one or several complementary non-renal elimination routes, e.g. shunting of metabolised Gb to the biliary excretion route and/or enterohepatic recycling of both metabolites and unmetabolised Gb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reliability of normal-state current–voltage characteristics as an indicator of tunnel-junction barrier quality (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 1870-1872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate that one of the most commonly used criteria to ascertain that tunneling is the dominant conduction mechanism in magnetic tunnel junctions—fits of current–voltage (I–V) data—is far from reliable. Using a superconducting electrode and measuring the differential conductance below Tc, we divide samples into junctions with an integral barrier and junctions having metallic shorts through the barrier. Despite the clear difference in barrier quality, equally reasonable fits to the I–V data are obtained above Tc. Our results further suggest that the temperature dependence of the zero-bias resistance is a more solid criterion, which could therefore be used to rule out possible pinholes in the barrier. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1310633
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation in trypsin activity in juvenile Atlantic salmon upper and lower modal groups (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 51 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Juvenile salmon in their first year of growth showed a bimodal distribution of body lengths by December. For experimental purposes samples of fish from the upper 2% of body lengths were taken as representing the upper modal group (UMG), whilst fish from the bottom 5% of body lengths were taken to represent the lower modal group (LMG). The population of fish from which the samples were taken were fed ad libitum from December to July. During the winter months to March, neither group increased in weight. Growth resumed between March and July. The LMG fish had a very low food intake, as indicated by the relative weight of digesta in the stomach, in the winter months. However, following resumption of feeding, the relative weight of stomach digesta of the LMG fish exceeded that of the UMG fish between May and July. The activity of trypsin in the intestinal digesta followed a similar pattern, the LMG fish showing a higher trypsin activity in the spring months. Starvation of UMG fish for 5 days in winter resulted in accumulation of trypsin in the pancreatic tissues, whilst injection of the trypsin releasing hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) into starving UMG fish resulted in reduction of trypsin in the secretory tissues. CCK also caused reduction of trypsin in the pancreatic tissues of LMG fish, suggesting that the pancreas of this group is potentially fully functional during the winter period. Ultrastructure studies of the pancreatic acinar cells showed evidence for lower secretory activity in the LMG fish, as indicated by smaller numbers of zymogen granules, less well developed Golgi systems and a smaller number of active secreting cells. It appears that trypsin secretion by the pancreas in LMG fish is at a low level during the winter, in response to the reduced amounts of food passing through the gut, which is ultimately controlled by changes in food intake, lowered metabolic level and lowered appetite levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01137.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase behaviour of binary and ternary non-aqueous aerosol OT systems (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 74 (1987), S. 108-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Aerosol OT ; non-aqueous microemulsions ; non-aqueous liquid crystals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Binary and ternary phase diagrams have been determined for systems containing sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT); a polar solvent, formamide, methylformamide, dimethylformamide or ethanediol; with and without hydrocarbon, toluene or dodecane. In formamide, Aerosol OT forms a lamellar, a viscous isotropic (cubic) and a reverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phase. The swelling of the lamellar phase, as well as its temperature stability, is considerably reduced compared to the corresponding aqueous system. In the other solvents, only the reverse hexagonal phase forms. The ternary systems with toluene are generally dominated by an extensive solution region, i.e. a non-aqueous microemulsion, while with dodecane, the solution phase has a considerably reduced extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01191020
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarities and differences in oxynticopeptic cell ultrastructure of one marine teleost, Gadus morhua and one freshwater teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during basal and histamine-stimulated phases of acid secretion (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 18 (1998), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: oxynticopeptic cells ; acid secretion ; pepsinogen secretion ; electron microscopy ; histamine ; teleost ; vacuole ; Gadus morhua ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxynticopeptic cells (OC) from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were studied during basal acid secretion and during stimulation with histamine. An in vitro method for measuring acid secretion from isolated stomac a was used. The OC ultrastructure was studied using electron microscopy. During basal acid secretion, the OC had short apical microvilli, an extensive tubulovesicular network, large electron-dense vesicles and many mitochondria. Stimulation of acid s tion with histamine and ultrastructural changes in the OC occurred simultaneously. The acid stimulation promoted large increases in the length of microvilli, a decrease in the size of the tubulovesicular network and an increase in the diameter of the ndular lumen in cod. Large vacuoles were found to characterize the histamine-stimulated OC. These were located close to the apical membrane and sometimes opened into the lumen. During stimulation, electron-dense vesicles were often observed close to apical membrane and the large vacuoles. Sometimes these vesicles were observed inside the glandular lumen and/or the large vacuoles. It is concluded that the ultrastructure of the OC in the saltwater cod and the freshwater trout show similar characte ics as OC in other animal groups both during basal and high rates of acid secretion. In addition, vacuoles were found in both species OC during basal rates of acid secretion and they significantly increased in size during high rates of acid secretion propose that the OC vacuole have a part in the osmoregulation, since the increase was tenfold in cod but less then one-fold in trout, this difference was statistically significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007791032472
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropeptides in the intestine of two teleost species (Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius auratus): Localization and electrophysiological effects on the epithelium (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Enkephalin ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Galanin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius auratus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of bioactive peptides in the gut and their possible electrophysiological effects on the intestinal epithelium were studied in two teleost species, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were found beneath the intestinal epithelium of both species. Galanin-, metenkephalin-and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were found exclusively in the mucosa of the tilapia. Both species had vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, enkephalin- or neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive endocrine cells; calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive endocrine cells were additionally found in the tilapia. Somatostatin- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities were not observed. Nerve cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of both species showed immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, and galanin-like peptide. Enkephalin-like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were present in the tilapia only. None of the peptides had a pronounced electrogenic effect. However, calcitonin gene-related peptide added to stripped intestinal epithelium of the tilapia, reduced the ion selectivity, and addition of galanin increased the ion selectivity. In goldfish intestine, both galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide were without effect. Enkephalin counteracted the serotonin-induced reduction of the ion selectivity of the goldfish intestinal epithelium, but had no effect on the tilapia epithelium. In both species, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide reduced the ion selectivity of the intestinal epithelium, and neuropeptide Y induced an increase of the ion selectivity. Somatostatin showed no effect on the epithelial ion selectivity of either species. Tetrodotoxin did not inhibit the effects of the peptides studied. The changes in ion selectivity suggest that the enterocytes may be under the regulatory control of these peptides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297550
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  • 10
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    Climate model code genealogy and its relation to climate feedbacks and sensitivity (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: Contemporary general circulation models (GCMs) and Earth system models (ESMs) are developed by a large number of modeling groups globally. They use a wide range of representations of physical processes, allowing for structural (code) uncertainty to be partially quantified with multi-model ensembles (MMEs). Many models in the MMEs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) have a common development history due to sharing of code and schemes. This makes their projections statistically dependent and introduces biases in MME statistics. Previous research has focused on model output and code dependence, and model code genealogy of CMIP models has not been fully analyzed. We present a full reconstruction of CMIP3, CMIP5 and CMIP6 code genealogy of 167 atmospheric models, GCMs, and ESMs (of which 114 participated in CMIP) based on the available literature, with a focus on the atmospheric component and atmospheric physics. We identify 12 main model families. We propose family and code weighting methods designed to reduce the effect of model structural dependence in MMEs. We analyze weighted effective climate sensitivity (ECS), climate feedbacks, forcing, and global mean near-surface air temperature, and how they differ by model family. Models in the same family often have similar climate properties. We show that weighting can partially reconcile differences in ECS and cloud feedbacks between CMIP5 and CMIP6. The results can help in understanding structural dependence between CMIP models, and the proposed code and family weighting methods can be used in MME assessments to ameliorate model structural sampling biases.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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