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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Online Sulfur-Isotope Determination Using an Elemental Analyzer Coupled to a Mass Spectrometer (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 66 (1994), S. 2816-2819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00090a005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of perennial ryegrass/white clover mini-swards to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations: effects on yield and fodder quality (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to assess the effects of future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on yield, mineral content and the nutritive value of mixed swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), both species were grown as monocultures and as different mixtures and were exposed season-long to ambient (380 p.p.m.) and elevated (670 p.p.m.) CO2 concentrations in open-top chambers. Mini-swards were cut four times at about monthly intervals at a height of 5 cm, dry-matter yields were determined and content of macroelements (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na) and crude fibre, crude protein and ash content were measured. The CO2-related increase in seasonal yield amounted to 16–38% for white clover monocultures, 12–29% for mixed swards and 5–9% for ryegrass monocultures. The white clover content of all swards was significantly enhanced by elevated CO2. The K and Na content of total yield was decreased by high CO2 but did not fall below the minimum requirements for ruminants. As the Ca content of total yield was increased by elevated CO2 and the P content was not changed, the Ca/P ratio of total yield was increased and exceeded values required for animal nutrition. The crude protein content of total yield was reduced by high CO2 at the beginning of the growing season only and was increased by elevated CO2 in the course of the experiment, whereas crude fibre content was decreased throughout the season, sometimes falling below the minimum requirement for ruminants. Removal of N, P, S, Mg and Ca by cutting was significantly enhanced because of CO2 enrichment. The results show that, besides the positive effect of rising atmospheric CO2 on dry-matter yield of white clover/ryegrass swards, impacts on the nutritive value should be expected. Possible changes in species composition and implications for grassland management are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02353.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new sampling technique to monitor concentrations of CH4, N2O and CO2 in air at well-defined depths in soils with varied water potential (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A new sampling technique for measuring the concentrations of trace gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) in the soil atmosphere from well-defined depths is described. Probes are constructed from silicone tubing closed with silicone septa on both ends, thereby dividing an inner air space from the outer soil atmosphere without a direct contact. The gas exchanges between the inner and outer atmosphere only by diffusion through the walls of the silicone tube. Tests revealed that the gases N2O, CO2 and CH4 in the enclosed space reached 95% equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere at 20°C within 7 h or faster. The probe measurements are reproducible: the standard deviation of samples taken from 26 probes stored in the laboratory atmosphere equalled that of a standard gas. The probes can easily be constructed and installed at specified depths in the soil.The method has the following advantages compared with other methods that use spaces with holes in them for gas exchange: (i) the silicone probe enables trace gases to be sampled in wet soils, including ones that are waterlogged or temporarily saturated; (ii) the sampling itself does not create low pressure and hence does not create mass flow in the soil matrix from undefined depths; and (iii) the probe can be made to take samples of gas of any required size. The silicone probes did not show ageing effects during 18 months of use in the field in a mineral soil under grass. The probes yielded comparable results: three probes inserted at 5 cm depth in a uniformly treated 100-m2 plot provided nearly identical average trace gas concentrations within the measurement period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00380.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Putrescine and Spermidine in Peas: Effeets on Nitrogen Source and Potassium Supply (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 45 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Free and total putrescine and, to a lesser extent, spemidine accumulate in both roots and shoots of peas in response to potas stum deficiency and ammomnium supply. Free putrescine responds more sensitively than total putreseine to variatioin of nutrients. Accumulation of putrescine is more pronounced in the roots than in the shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb02621.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium accumulation in rat organs after extended oral administration with low concentrations of cadmium oxide (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to dietary cadmium oxide (CdO) (2.80 and 7.15 ppm Cd) for 60 days. Between days 20 and 36 of the feeding experiment, only 7.15 ppm Cd significantly reduced body weight, while an improved food utilization was recorded at both dietary Cd concentrations between days 36 and 50. After 40 and 60 days of exposure, Cd concentrations of selected organs and tissues and the excreta were recorded by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Compared to the control animals, Cd levels of hair, bone (femur), blood, and testes did not increase. Soft tissues (liver, kidney, lung, and spleen) displayed significantly elevated Cd concentrations after 40 and 60 days in both dosage groups. An increased level of Cd in muscle was observed in one group only (7.15 ppm, day 40). Maximum Cd levels were 11.6 ppm in liver and 9.75 ppm in kidney on a dry weight basis, reflecting a 68- and 50-fold accumulation of the metal compared to the controls. Only absolute weights of lung and liver decreased slightly in the higher dosage group, while relative weights of all organs investigated were not affected by Cd. The ratios in fecal Cd levels between control and CdO-treated animals partly reflected the Cd concentration ratio between the respective diets. No increase in the urinary Cd level was found during the feeding trial. The significance of Cd accumulation in organs, tissues, and excreta and their value as indicators for CdO exposure are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055278
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms contributing to differential sensitivities of plants to SO2 (1978)
    Springer
    Oecologia 33 (1978), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary SO2-fumigation experiments were conducted with plants of pea (Pisum sativum) and corn (Zea mays) recognized to be, respectively, sensitive and tolerant to the gas. Accumulation of inorganic sulfur in the tissues revealed that the pea takes up considerably greater amounts of SO2 than corn. Porometer measurements and transpiration coefficients show that this greater SO2 uptake is partly related to the lower leaf diffusion resistance of peas. Additional internal sinks for SO2 uptake are discussed in order to give a complete explanation of the differential SO2 uptake of the two species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344848
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of amino acid metabolizing enzymes from plants differing in salt tolerance to NaCl (1978)
    Springer
    Oecologia 36 (1978), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports the effects of NaCl on the in vivo activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and on the in vitro activity of GDH, both enzymes having been isolated from plants differing in salt tolerance. The plants investigated were Vicia faba (salt-sensitive), Atriplex nitens and Atriplex calotheca (more or less salt-tolerant), and Atriplex halimus (halophyte) grown at various NaCl concentrations. GDH and GOT isolated from various salt-tolerant plants grown at low NaCl concentrations were inhibited in a similar way. At high NaCl concentrations, the enzyme activities remain at constant values only in the Atriplex species. GOT was more impaired by NaCl than GDH. In the case of GOT, the double reciprocal plot indicated the type of a noncompetitive inhibition. The in vitro effect of NaCl on the activity of GDH from the differentially salt-tolerant plants was of a different kind, i.e. GDH isolated from V. faba was clearly inhibited by NaCl, whereas NaCl stimulated the activity of GDH from all Atriplex species investigated. Kinetic analysis showed that substrate inhibition of GDH from A. nitens and A. calotheca grown at non-saline conditions could be removed by NaCl. Inhibition by high NaCl concentrations at low substrate concentrations was removable by increasing substrate concentrations. Moreover, the inhibition at low substrate concentrations was shown to be competitive. GDH lost this regulatory property when the plants were pretreated with 500 mM NaCl. GDH from A. halimus also possessed this control, but in contrast to A. nitens and A. calotheca, activity and control of GDH isolated from A. halimus were stimulated by pretreating the plants with 500 mM NaCl. The results showed that DDH isolated from the salt-tolerant Atriplex species was adapted to high NaCl concentrations of the tissue. Possible mechanisms of the interactions between GDH from salt-tolerant Atriplex species and NaCl are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348056
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water stress on growth and proline metabolism of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1977)
    Springer
    Oecologia 30 (1977), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of water stress on growth (fresh weight, dry weight), water relations (water saturation deficit, water potential, osmotic pressure), and proline metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris were studied. Experimentally, water deficit was produced by reduced watering of the bean plants. This resulted in a decrease in water potential and leaf fresh and dry weight. Increases in the water saturation deficit and the osmotic pressure of the sap were, however, recorded. Water stress was also induced by treatment of the plants with polyethylene glycol, but its effects on the above mentioned parameters were different. In addition, necrosis of the foliage was observed. According to the present results, polyethylene glycol seems to be suitable only for the induction of short-termed water stress conditions. The effects of water stress on growth and on water relations of the plants were accompanied by a marked increase in the free amino acid content, especially that of the free proline content of the plants. The activities of the proline dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were stimulated under water stress conditions, indicating that proline accumulation in water stressed plants is not attributed to an inhibited proline breakdown. The accumulated proline was metabolized rapidly once the water deficit of the plant was relieved by watering. The ability of the plant to accumulate proline might be of ecological importance for the plant and might be an adaption mechanism of the plant to overcome short periods of drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344894
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability and toxicological effects of low levels of biologically bound cadmium (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1987), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were fed a casein based diet containing Cd biologically bound in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. ssp. italicum) for eight weeks. The grass portion in the diet was 20% (w/w). Cd concentrations of the respective diets were (μg/g diet): 0.24 (control group Cd=0), 0.85 (group Cd=1) and 2.25 (group Cd=2). After six weeks on the diets, food intake and body weight were reduced by the low dietary Cd concentration (Cd=1), while in treatment group Cd=2 this occurred after 2 weeks. After an 8-week feeding period the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ca in selected organs, tissues and in the excreta of rats beside whole body element contents were determined. While no elevated Cd levels due to the Cd intoxication were found in skin, lung, blood, testes, muscle and urine, Cd concentrations in liver, kidney and spleen increased in a dose-dependent manner. This was also true for whole body Cd and Cd in faeces, the latter being 27.6 fold higher in the high Cd load (Cd=2) as compared to the controls (Cd=0). Highest Cd concentrations were recorded in liver and kidney. Calculated as percentage of the whole body metal content liver Cd increased from 1.49% (Cd=0) to 7.41% (Cd=2) and kidney Cd from 0.65% to 4.87%. While no changes of the Ca levels in all organs and tissues investigated were observed, liver Zn increased and blood Cu decreased. Copper and Zn increased in faeces and decreased in urine. With the exception of skin and lung, a significant loss of Fe was observed in all organs and tissues, which was most evident in treatment group Cd=2. Depending on the Cd dose applied, reduced fecal and urinary Fe excretion occurred. Hematological parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood glucose) and serum enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase) were not affected by Cd in a biologically bound form. Serum alanine amino transferase showed slightly lower activities in treatment groups Cd=1 and Cd=2. Analysis of the glucose concentration and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in urine did not reveal any changes due to the Cd intoxication. Accumulation and toxicological effects of Cd biologically bound in ryegrass are discussed in relation to inorganic forms of the metal administered to mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of low doses of dietary cadmium oxide on the disposition of trace elements (zinc, copper, iron), hematological parameters, and liver function in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in selected organs, tissues and in the excreta of male Wistar rats, exposed to dietary CdO (2.80 and 7.15 ppm) for 40 and 60 days, were investigated. Concomitantly hematological values and serum enzyme activities were recorded. Zn levels of spleen, kidney, testes, muscle and feces were not affected by the Cd treatment. After 40 days of Cd exposure, the Zn concentration in the hair decreased, while the Zn level of the lung slightly increased. During the feeding trial, Cd produced an increase of liver Zn by about 24%. Femur Zn decreased and Zn in urine increased after 60 days of exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd. Except in hair and urine, the Cu concentration in all organs and tissues investigated remained unchanged. Hair Cu levels decreased after 40 days of Cd exposure but increased after 60 days. At this time, elevated Cu concentration in urine was recorded. After exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd, the Fe content of the lung, liver, spleen, testes, muscle, femur and blood decreased significantly. After 60 days on the 7.15 ppm diet, highest reductions (30%–60%) of Fe content were recorded in the lung, liver, and spleen. Similar to Zn and Cu, the Fe concentration in urine increased at that time. No changes were found in the Fe content of hair, kidney, and feces. In spite of a disturbed Fe metabolism, an anaemic response of Cd-treated rats was not observed. Hematocrit and hemoglobin remained unchanged and the number of red blood cells slightly increased after 40 days of Cd exposure. While the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase was not affected by dietary Cd, the activities of serum-GOT and serum-GPT increased after exposure to 7.15 ppm Cd indicating disturbed hepatic functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055279
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