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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3142-3144 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Micromechanical oscillators in the rf range were fabricated in the form of silicon discs supported by a SiO2 pillar at the disk center. A low-power laser beam, (Plaser∼100 μW), focused at the periphery of the disk, causes a significant change of the effective spring constant producing a frequency shift, Δf(Δf/f∼10−4). The high quality factor, Q, of the disk oscillator (Q∼104) allows us to realize parametric amplification of the disk's vibrations through a double frequency modulation of the laser power. An amplitude gain of up to 30 was demonstrated, with further increase limited by nonlinear behavior and self-generation. Phase dependence, inherent in degenerate parametric amplification, was also observed. Using this technique, the sensitivity of detection of a small force is greatly enhanced. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3287-3289 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental method, employing a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as an actuator and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) as a motion detector, was developed to study microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and has been applied to study microfabricated cantilever beams. Vibrations actuated by an ac voltage applied to the piezodrive are transferred to the sample by the STM tip, which also provides a constraint at the drive location, altering the fundamental mode of the oscillation. A continuous change in the resonant frequency of the cantilever is achieved by varying the position of the STM tip. In contrast to the few percent tunability previously demonstrated for MEMS oscillators, we have varied the cantilever frequency over a 300% range. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 450-452 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have demonstrated high-sensitivity detection of bacteria using an array of bulk micromachined resonant cantilevers. The biological sensor is a micromechanical oscillator that consists of an array of silicon-nitride cantilevers with an immobilized antibody layer on the surface of the resonator. Measured resonant frequency shift as a function of the additional cell loading was observed and correlated to the mass of the specifically bound Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells. Deposition and subsequent detection of E. coli cells was achieved under ambient conditions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 695-697 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Self-generated vibration of a disk-shaped, single-crystal silicon micromechanical oscillator was observed when the power of a continuous wave laser, focused on the periphery of the disk exceeded a threshold of a few hundred μW. With the laser power set to just below the self-generation threshold, the quality factor for driven oscillations increases by an order of magnitude from Q=10 000 to Qenh=110 000. Laser heating-induced thermal stress modulates the effective spring constant via the motion of the disk within the interference pattern of incident and reflected laser beams and provides a mechanism for parametric amplification and self-excitation. Light sources of different wavelengths facilitate both amplification and damping. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 40 (1967), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This report is dealing with the fumigation of grain in granaries with phosphine against the main stored-grain insects in Yugoslavia. The phosphine gas was generated from PHOSTOXIN tablets which were inserted in the grain mass. The efficacy was tested by the mortality of laboratory-bred insects and insects of the natural infestation. The successful fumigation was depending on the temperature of the grain and of the storage rooms and on the exposure period. The covering of the grain mass by plastic sheets reduced the gas leakage considerably. The dosage of 5–6 tablets per ton of grain and an exposure time of 5 days resulted in a 100% mortality of all insect stages at a grain temperature of 19° C. In all trials the exposure time proved to be the main factor. For the control of the angoumois grain moth and the Indian meal moth in the storage rooms outside the grain mass an additional treatment with an insecticidal spray was necessary. The control of hot spots by inserting the tablets through a probe was successful, provided that these hot spots were not too numerous and could be marked off very accurately.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (2000), S. 317-322 
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: biosensors ; cell patterning ; lift-off ; Parylene ; surface chemical patterning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Precise placement of biochemicals on device structures and controlling of the cell culture environment are important for tissue engineering, sensors and fundamental studies of cell behavior. In this article, we describe a dry lift-off method that allows patterning of chemically sensitive biological materials on a variety of surfaces. Using a combination of projection lithography and reactive ion etching, a Parylene coated surface is patterned and subsequently coated with a biochemical layer. The Parylene is peeled from the substrate and the desired chemical pattern or cell pattern is formed. We have patterned antibodies, poly-L-lysine and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) self assembled monolayers. These surfaces were respectively used to pattern Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 bacteria cells, rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells and 20 nm diameter aldehyde-sulfate coated fluorescent polystyrene beads. Typical patterns consisted of arrays of 5 mm long parallel lines of bacteria confined to stripes with widths varying from 2 μm to 20 μm. Such pattern can be made over large areas, and we have done this on areas up to 3 cm2.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 18 (1980), S. 285-290 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Bestimmung der während des TL-Prozesses von natürlichem Calcit freigesetzten Währmemenge werden vorgestellt. Bei den Versuchen wurde die quantitative Differentialthermoanalyse mit natürlichem Calcit als Referenzsubstanz eingesetzt, welcher vorher bei 623 K 60 Minuten zur Eliminierung des TL-Effekts thermisch behandelt worden war. Es wurde festgestellt, dass während des TL-Prozesses von natürlichem Calcit 7.11 J/g freigesetzt wurden. Dies stimmt mit den durch Schätzung der möglichen Konzentrationswerte der Änderungsträger in den Einschlusszentren und der durch elementare Rekombinationsprozesse freigesetzten Energie erhaltenen Ergebnissen überein.
    Abstract: Резюме Представлены резуль таты эксперименталь ного определения количес тва тепла, выделяющегося во вре мя термолюминесценц ии природного кальцита. В экспериментах были использованы ко личественные методы дифференциального т ермического анализа, где в качестве образц а сравнения был испол ьзован природный кальцит, те рмически обработанн ый в течении 60 мин. при тем пературе 623 К для удале ния эффекта термолюмине сценции. Установлено, что во вр емя термолюминесцен ции выделяется 7.11 Дж/г тепла и это значение с огласуется с результ атами, полученными путем оц енки возможных значений концентрац ионного изменения но сителей при центрах захвата и эне ргией, выделяющейся при элементарном про цессе рекомбинации.
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents results of the experimental determination of the quantity of heat liberated during the thermoluminesence (TL) of natural calcite. As the method for experimental investigation, quantitative differential thermal analysis was used, in which the reference was natural calcite which had previously been thermally treated at 623 K for 60 min to eliminate the TL effect. It was established that during the TL of natural calcite 7.11 J/g is liberated, which is in accordance with results obtained by estimating possible values of the concentration of charge carriers at trapping centers and the energy liberated by elementary recombination process.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 19 (2000), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 3447-3457 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated properties of electrochemically deposited platinum black by atomic force and scanningelectron microscopy. Platinum black was deposited on evaporated platinum electrods. Deposition time and cure temperature was found to influence the quality and morphology of the platinum black layer. Morphological inclusions were readily observed in filmsdeposited for duration of less than 60 seconds at a bias of 1.5 V against a platinum counter electrode. Shorting of themicrofabricated electrodes due to lateral outgrowth of high surfacearea platinum black was observed when current densities on the orderof 100 mA cm−2 were employed. We further show that reproducibility ofhighly adherent platinized electrodes is achieved.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 42 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Same as with former tests with grain stored in bulk and in silo bins resp. in laboratory tests, results obtained with PHOSTOXIN® tablets and pellets were similar. Former tests carried out in silo bins at dosages of 3, 5, and 7 (and in exceptional cases 9) tablets per ton have shown that good results can also be obtained at lower dosages in case the exposure time will be prolonged to 7 resp. 10 days. Test insects (Sitophilus granarius [L.] andSitophilus oryzae [L.]) were placed in test cages inside the grain and for comparison also infested grain was examined. In some cases also a dosage of 2 tablets/ton of grain gave satisfactory results. For the laboratory tests specially made cylindrical tin containers were used. It was found that at temperatures between 25 and 30° C and at dosages of 3 tablets/ton of grain a 100% kill of all stages of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) could be obtained already after 5 days whilst at lower temperatures (10 to 20° C) the exposure time had to be prolonged or the dosage to be increased. In the laboratory tests also the effectiveness of phosphine on various stages of development of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) under the influence of various temperatures (10, 20, and 30° C) was tested. Comparable results depending on temperature were also obtained at dosages of 1, 2, 3, and 4 tablets per ton of grain. Also the effectiveness of the new PHOSTOXIN® pellets was tested. It was found that a dosage of 5 to 6 pellets per ton of grain at 7 days exposure time will be sufficient to kill all stages of development of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]); same results were obtained at 7 pellets per ton of grain at an exposure time of 6 days.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wie bei den früheren Versuchen mit Getreide in Schüttbodenlagerung und im Silo bzw. in Laborversuchen sind die Ergebnisse bei der Verwendung von Tabletten und Pellets des PHOSTOXIN® ähnlich. Anfänglich durchgeführte Versuche in Silos mit 3, 5 und 7, und in Ausnahmefällen mit 9 Tabletten pro Tonne haben gezeigt, daß gute Resultate bei der Abtötung von Schädlingen auch bei verringerten Dosierungen erzielt werden können, wenn die Einwirkungszeit auf 7 bzw. 10 Tage verlängert wird. Testinsekten (Sitophilus granarius [L.] undSitophilus oryzae [L.]) befanden sich in Testgefäßen innerhalb des Getreides, wobei zu Vergleichsversuchen auch befallenes Getreide selbst mit herangezogen wurde. In Einzelfällen brachte auch eine Dosierung von 2 Tabletten pro Tonne Getreide einen zufriedenstellenden Erfolg. Für die Versuche im Labormaßstab wurden speziell angefertigte zylindrische Blechbehälter verwendet. Hier zeigte sich, daß bei Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 30° C und bei Dosierungen von 3 Tabletten pro Tonne Getreide eine 100% ige Abtötung aller Entwicklungsstadien des Reiskäfers (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) bereits nach 5 Tagen zu erzielen war, während bei tieferen Temperaturen (10 bis 20° C) die Einwirkungszeit verlängert oder die Dosierung erhöht werden muß. In den Laborversuchen wurde auch die Wirksamkeit des Phosphorwasserstoffes auf verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien des Reiskäfers (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) unter dem Einfluß verschiedener Temperaturstufen (10, 20 und 30° C) geprüft. Vergleichbare Ergebnisse entsprechend den jeweils gewählten Temperaturen wurden erzielt mit Dosierungen von 1, 2, 3, 4 Tabletten pro Tonne Getreide. Geprüft wurde auch die Wirksamkeit der neuen PHOSTOXIN®-Pellets. Es zeigte sich, daß eine Dosierung von 5 bis 6 Pellets pro Tonne Getreide bei einer Einwirkungszeit von 7 Tagen ausreicht, um alle Entwicklungsstadien des Reiskäfers (Sitophilus oryzae [L.]) abzutöten; das gleiche konnte mit 7 Pellets pro Tonne Getreide bei einer Einwirkungszeit von 6 Tagen erzielt werden.
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