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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional and total body bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and total body tissue composition in children 8–16 years of age (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mineralization ; Body composition ; Children ; DXA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Normative values for total body bone mineral content (TBBM) and total body bone mineral density (TBMD) were derived from measurements on 234 children 8–16 years of age. In addition, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) values for selected regions of interest and soft tissue (bone free lean and fat) for the total body are presented. Bone mineral and soft tissue values were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Hologic QDR-2000 in the array mode. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between bone-free lean tissue (BFLT) and BMD (r2 = 0.80) in girls. Adding age to the equation accounted for an additional 2% of the variance (P 〈 0.05) and height accounted for another 1% of the variance (P 〈 0.05). Body weight and fat tissue (FT) did not account for any additional variance. In boys BFLT correlated significantly with BMD (r2 = 0.75;P 〈 0.05); none of the other predictor variables accounted for additional variance. No significant differences were found in TBBM or TBMD between boys and girls at any age. There was a significant overall gender effect for only three regions of interest. Boys had greater BMC in the head region and had greater BMD in the upper limbs, but post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences for any specific age groups. Girls had greater overall BMD in the pelvis, but this difference was only significant at the 15–6-year age group. The changes in BFLT and FT over the age ranges were consistent with the growth literature. The normative values can be applied to the assessment of children and adolescents with health problems that may impact on the skeleton as well as to research studies investigating bone mineral development in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01352007
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Oxygen transport and cardiovascular function at extreme altitude: lessons from Operation Everest II (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Operation Everest II was designed to examine the physiological responses to gradual decompression simulating an ascent of Mt Everest (8,848 m) to an inspired PO2 of 43 mmHg. The principal studies conducted were cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular-skeletal and metabolic responses to exercise. Eight healthy males aged 21-31 years began the "ascent" and six successfully reached the "summit", where their resting arterial blood gases were PO2 = 30 mmHg and PCO2 = 11 mmHg, pH = 7.56. Their maximal oxygen uptake decreased from 3.98 +/- 0.2 L/min at sea level to 1.17 +/- 0.08 L/min at PIO2 43 mmHg. The principal factors responsible for oxygen transport from the atmosphere to tissues were (1) Alveolar ventilation--a four fold increase. (2) Diffusion from the alveolus to end capillary blood--unchanged. (3) Cardiac function (assessed by hemodynamics, echocardiography and electrocardiography)--normal--although maximum cardiac output and heart rate were reduced. (4) Oxygen extraction--maximal with PvO2 14.8 +/- 1 mmHg. With increasing altitude maximal blood and muscle lactate progressively declined although at any submaximal intensity blood and muscle lactate was higher at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: International journal of sports medicine (ISSN 0172-4622); Volume 13 Suppl 1; S13-8
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Cognitive performance deficits in a simulated climb of Mount Everest - Operation Everest II (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Cognitive function at simulated altitude was investigated in a repeated-measures within-subject study of performance by seven volunteers in a hypobaric chamber, in which atmospheric pressure was systematically lowered over a period of 40 d to finally reach a pressure equivalent to 8845 m, the approximate height of Mount Everest. The automated performance test system employed compact computer design; automated test administrations, data storage, and retrieval; psychometric properties of stability and reliability; and factorial richness. Significant impairments of cognitive function were seen for three of the five tests in the battery; on two tests, grammatical reasoning and pattern comparison, every subject showed a substantial decrement.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 60; 99-104
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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