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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 34 (1989), S. 477-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new peptide in the FMRFamide family isolated from the CNS of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 11 (1990), S. 849-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: FMRFamide family ; HPLC ; Hawkmoth ; Ion exchange ; Peptide purification
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(90)90203-H
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interneurones of the central complex in the bee brain (Apis mellifera, L.)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Insect Physiology 31 (1985), S. 251-261+263-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-1910
    Keywords: Interneurones ; central complex ; honeybee ; insect brain ; sensory processing
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(85)90127-1
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flight-correlated activity changes in neurons of the lateral accessory lobes in the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 597-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Flight control ; Lateral accessory lobe ; Locust ; Central body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study investigates activity changes in neurons of the lateral accessory lobes in the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria during wind-elicited tethered flight. Neurons with ascending projections from the ventral nerve cord to the lateral accessory lobes showed flight-associated excitations which were modulated in the flight motor rhythm. Descending neurons with ramifications in the lateral accessory lobes were tonically excited corresponding to flight duration. The onset of wind-elicited responses in the descending neurons preceded the onset of flight motor activity by 22–60 milliseconds. Neurons connecting the lateral accessory lobes with the central body, the anterior optic tubercles, or other brain areas showed a variety of responses including activity changes during flight initiation and flight termination. Activity in many of these neurons was less tightly coupled to the flight situation and often returned to background levels before flight was terminated. Most of the recorded neurons responded, in addition, to stationary visual stimuli. The results suggest that the lateral accessory lobes in the locust brain are integrative links between the central body, visual pathways, and the ventral nerve cord. The possible involvement of these brain areas in flight control is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199481
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae share properties with circadian pacemaker neurons (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Circadian rhythms ; Clocks ; Neuropeptides ; Insects ; Optic lobes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurons immunoreactive with antisera against the crustacean peptide β-pigment dispersing hormone fullfill several anatomical criteria proposed for circadian pacemakers in the brain of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. These include position of somata, projections to the lamina and midbrain and possible coupling pathways between the two pacemakers through commissural fibers. In behavioral experiments combined with lesion studies and immunocytochemical investigations we examined whether the presence of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive arborizations in the midbrain of the cockroach correlates with the presence of circadian locomotor activity. No rhythm was detected after severing both optic stalks in any animal for at least 12 days. Within the same time pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive fibers in the midbrain disappeared. Two to seven weeks after the operation some of the cockroaches regained circadian locomotor activity, while others remained arrhythmic. In all cockroaches which regained rhythmic behavior pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive fibers had regenerated and had largely found their original targets within the brain. In all arrhythmic cockroaches either none or very little regeneration had occurred. The period of the regained circadian activity inversely correlated with the number of regenerated immunoreactive commissural fibers. These data provide further evidence for the involvement of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in circadian clocks of orthopteroid insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing of antennal information in extrinsic mushroom body neurons of the bee brain (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 154 (1984), S. 825-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the bee brain neural activity of interneurons of the inner antenno-cerebral tract (inputs to the mushroom body) and extrinsic neurons of theβ-lobe (output cells) was recorded intracellularly. The cells were stained with Lucifer Yellow. The response characteristics of the neurons to light, various antennal stimuli and mechanical stimuli to thorax and abdomen were studied. The cells of the inner antenno-cerebral tract (ACT) have uniglomerular dendritic arborizations in the antennal lobe and send projections into the calyces of the ipsilateral mushroom body and the lateral protocerebral lobe. 93% of the neurons are bi- or multimodal. No responses to light stimuli were found. Tactile stimuli to the antennae are only effective when applied ipsilaterally. Only one neuron showed marked differences in the responses to the qualitative testing of three odors: rose, lavender and isoamyl acetate. The cells can be classified according to their response characteristics; the following response types were found: (1) inhibitory responses to the stimuli, (2) inhibitory responses to olfactory and excitatory responses to mechanical stimuli or vice versa, (3) excitatory responses to mechanical and sugar water stimuli, (4) excitation to olfactory stimuli and to touching the antenna with a drop of water or sugar water, (5) excitation to mechanical stimuli to head, thorax and abdomen and inhibition to sugar water stimuli. The recorded extrinsicβ-lobe neurons have small dendritic bands perpendicular to the Kenyon cells, their axons project to the contralateral median protocerebrum. These cells have ipsilateral antennal and mostly ipsilateral optic inputs and process information from thoracic and abdominal mechanoreceptors. All responses are excitatory. The recordings suggest that the mushroom bodies are multimodal integration centers, where antennal information is first combined with visual inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610683
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative anatomy of pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of orthopteroid insects (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 343-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Orthopteroid insects ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect brain ; Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca gregaria, Teleogryllus commodus (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a comparative study, the anatomy of neurons immunoreactive with an antiserum against the crustacean β-pigment-dispersing hormone was investigated in the brain of several orthopteroid insects including locusts, crickets, a cockroach, and a phasmid. In all species studied, three groups of neurons with somata in the optic lobes show pigment-dispersing hormone-like immunoreactivity. Additionally, in most species, the tritocerebrum exhibits weak immunoreactive staining originating from ascending fibers, tritocerebral cells, or neurons in the inferior protocerebrum. Two of the three cell groups in the optic lobe have somata at the dorsal and ventral posterior edge of the lamina. These neurons have dense ramifications in the lamina with processes extending into the first optic chiasma and into distal layers of the medulla. Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons of the third group have somata near the anterior proximal margin of the medulla. These neurons were reconstructed in Schistocerca gregaria, Locusta migratoria, Teleogryllus commodus, Periplaneta americana, and Extatosoma tiaratum. The neurons have wide and divergent arborizations in the medulla, in the lamina, and in several regions of the midbrain, including the superior and inferior lateral protocerebrum and areas between the pedunculi and α-lobes of the mushroom bodies. Species-specific differences were found in this third cell group with regard to the number of immunoreactive cells, midbrain arborizations, and contralateral projections, which are especially prominent in the cockroach and virtually absent in crickets. The unusual branching patterns and the special neurochemical phenotype suggest a particular physiological role of these neurons. Their possible function as circadian pacemakers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318190
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemistry of GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the thoracic ganglion of the crab Eriphia spinifrons (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, central ; Ganglia, invertebrate ; Immunocytochemistry ; GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) ; Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) ; Eriphia spinifrons (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used specific antisera against protein-conjugated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and rat-brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in immunocytochemical preparations to study the distribution of putatively GABAergic neurons in the fused thoracic ganglion of the crab Eriphia spinifrons. In the thoracic neuromeres, about 2000 neurons with somata arranged in clusters or located singly in the cell cortex exhibited both GABA-like and GAD-like immunoreactivity. In addition, more than a hundred cells showed only GABA-like immunoreactivity. Fibrous immunoreactive staining to GAD and GABA was distributed throughout the neuropil of the thoracic ganglion, and several fiber tracts contained immunoreactive processes. Sets of serially homologous neurons exhibited GABA-like and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the thoracic neuromeres. Especially prominent were one medial and four ventro-lateral clusters of somata, together with thirteen individually recognized cells in each neuromere. Six of these cells in the ventro-medial cell cortex may be the somata of inhibitory motoneurons. The leg nerves contained three immunoreactive fibers, corresponding to the previously described common inhibitory motoneuron and the two specific inhibitors. The results present further evidence for GABA being the neurotransmitter of all inhibitory leg motorneurons, and suggest its presence and role as a neurotransmitter in a considerable number of interneurons in the thoracic ganglion of the crab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318614
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were individually reconstructed. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 19–20 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of interneurons in the midbrain and 10 pairs in the suboesophageal ganglion. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antisera against DOPA decarboxylase. All major neuropil regions except the protocerebral bridge are innervated by these neurons. In addition, efferent cells are serotonin-immunoreactive in the frontal ganglion (5 neurons) and the suboesophageal ganglion (2 pairs of neurons). The latter cells probably give rise to an extensive network of immunoreactive terminals on the surface of the suboesophageal ganglion and suboesophageal nerves. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive neurons show a gradient in the intensity of immunoreactive staining, suggesting low levels of serotonin in cell bodies and dendritic arbors and highest concentrations in axonal terminals. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells often occur in pairs with similar morphological features. With one exception, all serotonin-immunoreactive neurons have bilateral projections with at least some arborizations in identical neuropil areas in both hemispheres. The morphology of several neurons suggests that they are part of neuronal feedback circuits. The similarity in the arborization patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons raises the possibility that their outgrowing neurites experienced similar forces during embryonic development. The morphological similarities further suggest that serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion share physiological characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223139
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy of antenno-cerebral pathways in the brain of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 255-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect nervous system ; Antennal lobe ; Olfactory system ; Protocerebrum ; Antennal interneurons ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the moth Manduca sexta, the number and morphology of neuronal connections between the antennal lobes and the protocerebrum were examined. Cobalt injections revealed eight morphological types of neurons with somata adjacent to the AL neuropil that project in the inner, middle, and outer antenno-cerebral tracts to the protocerebrum. Neurons innervating the macroglomerular complex and many neurons with fibers in the inner antennocerebral tract have uniglomerular antennal-lobe arborizations. Most neurons in the middle and outer antenno-cerebral tracts, on the other hand, seem to innervate more than one glomerulus. Protocerebral areas receiving direct input from the antennal lobe include the calyces of the mushroom bodies, and circumscribed areas termed “olfactory foci” in the lateral horn of the protocerebrum and several other regions, especially areas in close proximity to the mushroom bodies. Fibers in the inner antenno-cerebral tract that innervate the male-specific macroglomerular complex have arborizations in the protocerebrum that are distinct from the projections of sexually non-specific neurons. Protocerebral neurons projecting into the antennal lobe are much less numerous than antennal-lobe output cells. Most of these protocerebral fibers enter the antennal lobe in small fiber tracts that are different from those described above. In the protocerebrum, these centrifugal cells arborize in olfactory foci and also in the inferior median protocerebrum and the lateral accessory lobes. The morphological diversity of connections between the antennal lobes and the protocerebrum, described here for the first time on a single-cell level, suggests a much greater physiological complexity of the olfactory system than has been assumed so far.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225800
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