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  • 1
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    Subsurface Sediment Mobilization (2003)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary facies in the subsurface are usually interpreted from a epositional/stratigraphical perspective: the depositional layering is generally considered to remain undisturbed, except in a few settings. But, there is growing evidence that subsurface sediment mobilization (SSM) is more widespread than previously thought, as new observations arise from the ever-increasing resolution of subsurface data. Many examples are from hydrocarbon provinces but studies elsewhere, for example in preparation for the underground storage of hazardous waste, have yielded unexpected examples. Although until now the different aspects of SSM, including soft sediment deformations, sand injections, shale diapirs, mud volcanoes, etc, have been separated, the new discoveries emphasize their inter-connection, regardless of scale, depth, location, grain size or trigger mechanism. This volume integrates the different aspects of sediment mobilization in the subsurface and their structural consequences, allowing a more generaland a more coherent view of the subject.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (522 Seiten)
    ISBN: 1862391416
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/216/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Geomechanical modelling of fault reactivation in the Ceduna Sub-basin, Bight Basin, Australia (2012)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 367: 71-89.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-09
    Description: The Ceduna Sub-basin is located within the Bight Basin on the Australian southern margin. Recent structural analysis using newly acquired two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) seismic data demonstrates two Late Cretaceous delta–deepwater fold–thrust belts (DDWFTBs), which are overlain by Cenozoic sediments. The present-day normal fault stress regime identified in the Bight Basin indicates that the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) is margin parallel; Andersonain faulting theory therefore suggests the delta-top extensional faults are oriented favourably for reactivation. A breached hydrocarbon trap encountered in the Jerboa-1 well demonstrates this fault reactivation. Faults interpreted from 3D seismic data were modelled using the Poly3D© geomechanical code to determine the risk of reactivation. Results indicate delta-top extensional faults that dip 40–70° are at moderate–high risk of reactivation, while variations in the orientation of the fault planes results in an increased risk of reactivation. Two pulses of inversion are identified in the Ceduna Sub-basin and correlate with the onset of rifting and fault reactivation in the Santonian. We propose a ridge-push mechanism for this stress which selectively reactivates extensional faults on the delta-top, forming inversion anticlines that are prospective for hydrocarbon exploration.
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  • 3
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    Modelling of sediment wedge movement along low-angle detachments using ABAQUS™ (2012)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 367: 171-183.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-09
    Description: Delta–deepwater fold–thrust belts (DDWFTBs) develop over low-angle detachment faults which link extension to downslope contraction. Detachment faults have been examined in previous studies for the Amazon Fan, Niger, Nile, Angola, Baram and Bight Basin DDWFTBs. The driving mechanisms for the movement along the detachment remain uncertain, however. Previous authors have attributed the movement along detachment faults to high pore-fluid pressure, which reduces the effective normal stress acting on a fault surface thereby encouraging sliding along the fault. However, high pore-fluid pressure has not been directly confirmed in many of these faults due to a lack of well data in detachment surfaces. In this study, finite element modelling was used to test the effects of pore-fluid pressure, coefficient of friction, sediment rigidity and sediment wedge angle on sliding along the detachment. The modelling suggests that increased pore-fluid pressures and decreased coefficients of friction increase slip along a detachment. At hydrostatic pore-fluid pressures, sediment rigidity and sediment wedge angle have relatively little effect on the movement of the sediment wedge along the detachment. Modelling of these conditions using ABAQUS™ improves our understanding of the nature and mechanics of DDWFTBs and their underlying detachments.
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  • 4
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    Contemporary stress orientations in the Faroe-Shetland region (2016)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: The Faroe–Shetland region of the NE Atlantic continental margin contains a number of complexly structured Mesozoic–Palaeogene-age rift basins, but in comparison with the contiguous British Isles and North Sea Basin, the state of crustal stress in the Faroe–Shetland region is poorly understood. The orientation of maximum horizontal compressional stress ( Hmax ) across most of NW Europe is roughly NW–SE, which is considered to be controlled by forces acting at the plate boundaries. We have determined 16 B–D quality Hmax orientations based on borehole breakouts interpreted in petroleum wells, and define three distinct stress provinces within the Faroe–Shetland region. Stress orientations in the NE are roughly NW–SE, consistent with the regional pattern of stresses in NW Europe and local neotectonic structural trends. However, contemporary stress orientations in the central and SW of the Faroe–Shetland region exhibit short-wavelength (distances 〈10–50 km) variation, with NE–SW, north–south and east–west orientations that are parallel or subparallel to underlying structural trends. This variation is interpreted in terms of stress deflections towards weak faults that downthrow the Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary successions against basement highs. These local-scale sources are superimposed on a background roughly WNW–ESE Hmax orientation that is controlled by both plate boundary forces and regional-scale sources of stresses.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 5
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    Reply to discussion on 'Multiple post-Caledonian exhumation episodes across NW Scotland revealed by apatite fission-track analysis': Journal, Vol. 167, 675-694 (2011)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-31
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 6
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    Digital holography for in situ real-time measurement of plasma-facing-component erosiona) (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-16
    Description: In situ , real time measurement of net plasma-facing-component (PFC) erosion/deposition in a real plasma device is challenging due to the need for good spatial and temporal resolution, sufficient sensitivity, and immunity to fringe-jump errors. Design of a high-sensitivity, potentially high-speed, dual-wavelength CO2 laser digital holography system (nominally immune to fringe jumps) for PFC erosion measurement is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 7
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    Comment on 'Crustal structure of the British Isles and its epeirogenic consequences' by M.W. Davis, N.J. White, K.F. Priestley, B.J. Baptie and F.J. Tilmann (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-05
    Description: While Davis et al. provide convincing evidence for dynamic support of modern topography in NW Scotland, we take issue with their claims that the spatial distribution of Cenozoic denudation correlates poorly with the pattern of upper crustal shortening, and that the magnitude of shortening is insufficient to cause the observed denudation. We disagree with Davis et al. 's map of denudation, which forms the basis of their claims, and believe that their conclusions seriously downplay the widely documented contribution of crustal shortening to Cenozoic denudation of many areas of the British Isles.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 8
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    Geomechanics and geology: introduction (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-18
    Description: Extract Geomechanics investigates the origin, magnitude and deformational consequences of stresses in the crust. Perhaps the earliest description of geology and mechanics was from the sandbox experiments of Willis (1891), and many of the guiding principles were developed by Anderson (1951), Hubbert & Willis (1957), Jaeger & Cook (1979) and Engelder (1992), with input from engineering disciplines (e.g. Griffith 1921). Subsequently, geomechanics has grown such that it now constitutes an important subdiscipline within the geosciences, as witnessed by the increase in SPE papers with ‘geomechanics’ in their titles ( Addis 2017 ). In recent years, awareness of geomechanical processes has been heightened by societal debates on fracking, human-induced seismicity, natural geohazards and safety issues with respect to petroleum exploration drilling, carbon sequestration and radioactive waste disposal. ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 9
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    Quantifying Cretaceous-Cenozoic exhumation in the Otway Basin, southeastern Australia, using sonic transit time data: Implications for conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon prospectivity (2014)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-03
    Description: In prospective basins affected by exhumation, uncertainty commonly exists regarding the maximum burial depths of source, reservoir, and seal horizons. One such basin is the Otway Basin, an important gas province in southeastern Australia, which has witnessed several exhumation events. Here, we present estimates of net exhumation magnitudes for 110 onshore and offshore petroleum wells based on the sonic transit time analyses of Lower Cretaceous fluvial shales. Our results show significant post-Albian net exhumation in the eastern onshore Otway Basin (〉1500 m [~4920 ft]) and a generally minor net exhumation (〈200 m [~655 ft]) elsewhere in the Otway Basin, consistent with estimates based on thermal history data. The distribution of net exhumation magnitudes in relation to mid-Cretaceous and Neogene compressional structures indicates that exhumation was dominantly controlled by short-wavelength basin inversion driven by plate-boundary forces. Deeper burial coupled with high geothermal gradients in the onshore eastern Otway Basin and along the northern basin margin during the early Cretaceous have rendered Lower Cretaceous source rocks mostly overmature, with any remaining hydrocarbons from the initial charge likely to be trapped in tightly compacted reservoirs and/or secondary (fracture-related) porosity. However, the embrittlement of these reservoirs during their deeper burial may present opportunities for the development of low-permeability plays through hydraulic fracturing where smectite clay minerals are illitized. Source rocks at near-maximum burial at present day are at temperatures suitable for gas generation, with key controls on prospectivity in these areas including the sealing potential of faulted traps and the relationship between charge and trap development.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 10
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    Contemporary stress and neotectonics in the Otway Basin, southeastern Australia (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-27
    Description: Geomechanical and geological datasets from fold–thrust belts and passive margins that have been subject to neotectonic activity often provide contradictory evidence for the state of contemporary stress. Southeastern Australia has relatively high levels of neotectonic activity for a so-called stable continental region. In the eastern Otway Basin, this neotectonic activity consists of compressional deformation and uplift, indicating a reverse fault stress regime. However, this is inconsistent with the stress magnitudes estimated from petroleum exploration data, which indicate normal or strike-slip fault stress regimes. A new wellbore failure analysis of 12 wells indicates that the maximum horizontal stress azimuth in this basin is c. 135° N, consistent with neotectonic structural trends. Our results indicate that the lithology and variations in structural style with depth exert important controls on horizontal stress magnitudes. The observed partitioning of stress regimes and deformation styles with depth within the basin may reflect the contrasting mechanical properties of the basin-fill. There is an overall increase in the minimum horizontal stress gradient of c. 1–2 MPa km –1 from west to east, corresponding to a change in structural style across the basin. In the central Otway Basin, rift-related faults strike near-parallel to the maximum horizontal stress azimuth and there are comparatively low levels of neotectonic activity, whereas in the eastern Otway Basin, where rift-related faults strike near-orthogonal to the maximum horizontal stress azimuth, the level of neotectonic faulting and uplift is much higher. Our results show that the integration of structural geology with geomechanical datasets can lead to improved interpretations of contemporary stresses, consistent with neotectonic observations.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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