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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dark-field condenser for viewing transparent plankton animals under a low-power stereomicroscope (1969)
    Springer
    Marine biology 2 (1969), S. 321-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A condenser has been designed to fulfil the need for high quality dark-field illumination of transparent zooplankton animals. The condenser, which covers fields of up to 30 mm, is designed for use on a stereomicroscope. The condenser uses only reflectors so that it can be constructed without the use of optical glass. A system for permanently fixing the microscope, condenser, light source, cooling system and optional rotating tray is presented. Coupled with an electronic flash, the condenser is an important tool in investigating structural and functional features of living animals. Examples of its use in describing some aspects of the biology of living specimens of the salp Thalia democratica are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355711
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new type of excretory mechanism in the tunicates (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 36 (1976), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of excretory system has been found in the salp Thalia democratica Forskal. Crystalline excretory products are expelled physically from the body, by previously undescribed organs. These organs are different in the two morphs which comprise the alternating generations of this pelagic tunicate. The removal of the crystalline products, which are tolerated for life in the bodies of sessile tunicates, probably prevents these transparent pelagic animals becoming visible to their predators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388442
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Records of Fatalities from Falling Meteorites (1935)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 136 (1935), S. 1030-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WITH reference to Mr. M. A. R. Khan's letter in NATURE of October 12, p. 607, on the above subject, I would point out that Col. G. H. Saxton's letter1 regarding the Nedagolla meteorite of January 23, 1870, states that of the people in the village, who were greatly alarmed, “some ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1361030a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory and simulation of electronic relativistic parametric instabilities for ultraintense laser pulses propagating in hot plasmas (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 1664-1672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dispersion relation for electronic parametric instabilities of a circularly polarized laser wave is solved in the case where the distribution function is supposed to be cold in the transverse direction and to be a linear combination of a cold distribution function and of a Maxwellian in momentum in the longitudinal direction. Only densities below the critical density are considered. It is shown that the longitudinal temperature as expected reduces the growth rate, but that the existence of a hot tail is not sufficient to significantly reduce the instability. It is the bulk of the distribution function that must be heated to efficiently stabilize the system. Another important effect of the heating is to reduce the backscattered component of the instability. An example of a one-dimensional particle simulation performed in the exact conditions of validity of the theory is discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1359744
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron parametric instabilities of ultraintense laser pulses propagating in plasmas of arbitrary density (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3358-3368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dispersion relation for electron parametric instabilities of a circularly polarized laser wave of arbitrary intensity is established without restrictions on the plasma density. It is obtained in an implicit analytical form and solved numerically. The well-known stimulated Raman scattering, relativistic modulational instability, relativistic filamentation instability, and two-plasmon decay are recovered at low intensity. Their behavior in the ultrarelativistic regime is characterized by a wide extent of the unstable region in the wave vector space, with growth rates equal to a fraction of the laser frequency, and a strong harmonic generation. Particle-in-cell simulations confirm these results and show that the instability leads to a very strong heating of the plasma. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872494
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propagation of ultraintense laser pulses through overdense plasma layers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2693-2701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Due to relativistic effects, a large amplitude electromagnetic wave can propagate in a classically overdense plasma with ω2p(approximately-greater-than)ω2(approximately-greater-than)ω2p/γ, where ωp is the plasma frequency, ω the laser frequency, and γ the relativistic factor of an electron in the laser field. Particle-in-cell simulations are used to study the interaction of an ultrahigh intensity laser pulse in normal incidence on a one-dimensional preformed plasma layer. Both electrons and ions dynamics are included. The width of the layer is 10 to 30 μm and the plasma is characterized by (ωp/ω)2=1.5. During the penetration of the electromagnetic wave a large longitudinal electric field is generated. It results in a strong longitudinal heating of electrons which reach relativistic temperatures. This heating further lowers the effective plasma frequency ωp/γ so the layer becomes almost transparent after the plasma crossing by the wave front. Velocity of the wave front, reflection and transmission rates are studied as functions of the incident energy flux, the plasma thickness, and the pulse duration. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871526
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulational and Raman instabilities in the relativistic regime (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2807-2814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A large amplitude electromagnetic wave propagating in a plasma is known to be subject to severe modulational and Raman instabilities. Previous works were devoted to the weakly relativistic limit and applied mainly to a cold underdense plasma. One extends these works to include the fully relativistic limit for a circularly polarized light for which one derives the dispersion relation in a one-dimensional plasma. The characteristics of the instabilities are also calculated in the case where the plasma is classically overdense, with 1〈(ωp/ω0)2〈γ, where ωp is the plasma frequency, ω0 is the laser frequency, and γ is the relativistic factor of an electron in the laser field. Particle-in-cell simulations confirm the results of the numerical solutions of the dispersion relation. For (ωp/ω0)2/γ=0.57 the growth rate can be as large as 0.52ω0. The nonlinear stage of the instability results in a strong heating of the electron distribution function. The theory is further extended to the case of an initially hot plasma, for which the dispersion relation of the instabilities is established. Its analytical solution is given in the case of a low density plasma. Particle-in-cell simulations are used to treat the general case. One observes a strong reduction of the growth rate of the instability, which tends to restore the possibility to propagate relativistic waves in plasmas. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871178
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric instabilities in resonant absorption (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 2602-2614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The resonant absorption of electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous plasma is studied using a 2-D particle code. For the studied flux (Φ〉8×1014 W/cm2), it is shown that it is impossible to separate resonant absorption from parametric instabilities. Effects of these instabilities on the absorption of incident energy and heating of particles are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866538
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The local–global analysis of the stimulated Brillouin scattering in the regime of nonlinear sound waves (1992)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 576-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of ion sound wave (ISW) nonlinearities on the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in long plasmas is investigated within the framework of the Korteweg–de Vries–Maxwell equations. The nonlinear evolution of the driven ISW results in the localization of the ion density on a scale shorter than the wavelength (λs) of the resonant ISW satisfying SBS three-wave matching conditions. Since the transverse wave amplitudes vary on a much longer scale, a local–global modeling of SBS is proposed in which this scale separation is exploited. The local part of the procedure includes a solution to the damped KdV equation with periodic boundary conditions and driven by a constant amplitude ponderomotive force. In the global part of the analysis approximate solutions for the transverse waves in long plasmas are constructed using the results from the local part. Particle-in-cell simulations have been performed in order to investigate the importance of kinetic effects for the local model. Numerical results obtained from the solutions to the KdV–Maxwell equations are well approximated by the local–global modeling. They are also compared with the results of a harmonic decomposition approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860256
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear effects and chaotic behavior at plasma resonance (1990)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 907-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Resonant absorption of an electromagnetic wave (f=3.5 GHz) in a multipolar discharge (ne0(approximately-equal-to)1011 cm−3) with an adjustable density gradient is studied. The transition from a nonlinear steady-state regime toward a chaotic one, occurring when the pump field or the gradient length is increased, is investigated experimentally and numerically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859290
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