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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 546-549 (May 2007), p. 1699-1702 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals powder was used to prepare the thin films on the surface of the A3steel by the means of DMD-450 vacuum evaporation equipment. The thin films with differentcharacterization were obtained through different parameters. The microstructures of the thin filmswere analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Additionally,the nano-hardness and the modulus of the films are tested by MTS and Neophot micro-hardnessmeter. The results showed that the modulus of the films was about 160GPa. Nano hardness of thefilms was about 7.5 Gpa. The films consisted of CuAl2, AlCu3. The thickness and the micro-hardnessof the films are improved. In same way, with the increase of the electric current, the thickness and thehardness of the films are also improved. Along with increase of the time and the electric current, thewear behavior of the films was improved. To some extent, the microstructure of films contained thequasicrystal phase of Al65Cu20Fe15
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 320-322 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1988), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alliant la construction des villes et des villages avec la protection de l'environment, la Chine a déjà construit 19000 installations de biométhanisation de moyenne et grande taille. Les raisons du succès du développement de la biométhanisation en Chine sont (1) la promotion de la technologie par le gouvernement, avec des conditions spéciales pour la main-d'oeuvre, les matériaux et le financement; (2) l'éstablissement d'institutions spécialisées pour la prise en charge des programmes, la réalisation des plans et le suivi technique; (3) l'établissement de normes techniques et de standards de qualité de la construction; et (4) l'établissement de lourdes amendes contre la pollution. Cependant il existe encore de nombreux problèmes sociaux, économiques et technologiques parmi lesquels le problème technologique est un problème clef: la plupart des procédés de biométhanisation utilisés sont dépassés, l'équipement est inapproprié et les productions de gaz sont faibles. De plus les effluents méthanisés n'atteignent pas les normes de décharge exigées par le gouvernement, de sorte que beaucoup d'industriels doivent encore utiliser des post-traitements traditionnels.
    Abstract: Resumen La combinación de la protección del medio ambiente con la construcción de ciudades y pueblos ha permitido la construcción en China de 19000 plantas de biogas de media y gran escala. Las razones para el éxito del desarrollo del biogas en China son: (1) la promoción de la tecnología por el gobierno que ofrece condiciones especiales para contratar trabajadores, materiales y financiación. (2) el establecimiento de agencias especiales encargadas de los programas, de los planes y del seguimiento. (3) el establecimiento de regulaciones técnicas y normativas de calidad para la construcción de instalaciones de biogas. (4) el establecimiento de elevadas multas en caso de polución. Persisten aún, sin embargo, problemas sociales, económicos y técnicos siendo estos últimos los más importantes: la mayoria de los procesos para la obtención de biogas estan anticuados con instalaciones imperfectas y baja producción de gas. Incluso fangos ya digeridos no alcanzan las normativas de calidad establecidas por el gobierno por lo que muchos industriales han de utilizar tratamientos posteriores.
    Notes: Summary Combining construction of cities and towns with environmental protection, China has already constructed 19000 medium- and large-size biogas plants. The reasons for the success of biogas development in China are (1) promotion of the technology by the government with special conditions for manpower, material and finance, (2) establishment of special agencies to take charge of programs, plans and follow-up, (3) establishment of technical regulations and standards for quality biogas construction, and (4) the establishment of heavy penalties on pollution. But social, economical and technological problems still exist among which the technological one is the key one: most of the biogas processes are outdated with imperfect equipment and low gas production. Moreover the digested slurry does not reach the discharging standards asked by the government, thus many industries still have to use traditional post-treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1988), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En 1980, il y avait 7 millions de digesteurs domestiques en Chine. Actuellement 5 millions de digesteurs sont opérationnels, avec un volume moyen de 6 à 10 m3. Les raisons de cette diminution sont soit (1) une mauvaise construction dans les premières années à cause du manque de recherche technique et d'expérience, soit (2) des erreurs dans les statistiques ou (3) la dégradation naturelle. Mais la Chine a continué à accorder de l'attention au développement des digesteurs domestiques et 0.5 million d'unités ont été construites chaque année depuis 1980. Cependant l'amélioration des conditions de vie en milieu rural et la charge que représente la gestion journalière d'un digesteur domestique font que ces derniers sont de moins en moins mis en oeuvre. On leur préfère les stations de distribution qui assurent un approvisionnement constant. Dans ce cas l'investissement est co-financé par l'administration locale et les ménages. Il est recouvert en 5 à 10 ans par la vente du gaz et de l'effluent en tant que fertilisant.
    Abstract: Resumen En 1980 habían en China 7 millones de digestores domésticos Actualmente tan solo estan en funcionamiento 5 millones, con un volumen medio de 6–10 m3 cada uno. Las razones para esta disminución pueden ser: (1) mala construcción en los primeros años debido a faltas en la investigación técnica o en la experimentación, (2) errores en las estadísticas o (3) degradación natural. A pesar de ello China ha seguido prestando atención al desarrollo de digestores domèsticos y cerca de 0.5 millones de unidades se construyen anualmente desde 1980. Hay que considerar además que las condiciones de vida en las zonas rurales han experimentado una mejora substancial y el mantenimiento diario de los digestores domésticos no se ve favorecido, por lo cual estos van perdiendo en popularidad. Los habitantes de estas zonas rurales prefieren la utilización de centrales de biogas que aseguran un suministro continuado de gas. En este caso la inversion se cofinancia entre el gobierno local y los futuros usuarios. El coste de la inversión se recupera en 5–10 años mediante la venta del gas y del fertilizante producidos.
    Notes: Summary By 1980 there were 7 million domestic digesters in China. Presently 5 million digesters are in use with a mean volume of 6 to 10 m3 each. The reasons for this reduction are (1) poor construction in the early years because of lack of technical research and experiments, (2) mistakes in statistics, and (3) natural degradation. But China has kept on paying attention to the development of domestic digesters and about 0.5 million units have been built every year since 1980. Moreover, as living conditions improve in rural areas and daily maintenance of domestic digesters is not convenient, domestic digesters are being less and less considered. People prefer the use of biogas supply stations that insure a constant gas supply. In these cases, the investment is co-financed by the local government and the households. The investment is recovered in 5 to 10 years by selling the gas and the fertilizer.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1988), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le développement des zones rurales chinoises et l'augmentation du niveau de vie dans ces régions provoque une augmentation de la demande d'énergie. A cause de ses avantages la production de biogaz est déjà utilisée dans 5 millions de ménages pour couvrir les besoins journaliers en énergie. De plus, près de 20000 ménages utilisent le biogaz produit dans les fermes d'élevage. Celui-ci est en effet distribué par de petites stations mécaniques ou électriques. Le potentiel annuel de production de biogaz à partir des lisiers animaux pourrait couvrir les besoins énergétiques de plus de 100 millions de ménages mais des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour la mise au point de procédés adaptés au développement à grande échelle de la biométhanisation dans les fermes d'élevage.
    Abstract: Resumen El desarrollo de las zonas rurales en China y el incremento del nivel de vida aumentan la demanda cualitativa y cuantitativamente de fuentes de energía. Debidoa las ventajas del biogas más de 5 millones de hogares lo utilizan para cubrir sus necesidades energéticas diarias, cerca de 20000 hogares utilizan biogas producido en explotaciones ganaderas y distribuido a través de pequeñas centrales de biogas o electricas. El potencial anual de producción de biogas a partir de residuos animales podría cubrir la demanda energéticva de 100 millones de hogares, sin embargo hay que profundizar en la investigación a fin de diseñar los modelos más adecuados para el desarrollo de la biometanación a gran escala en las explotaciones ganaderas.
    Notes: Summary The development of Chinese rural areas and the raising of people's living standards increase the demand for energy supplies, quantitative as well as qualitative. Because of its advantages, biogas production is already used in 5 million households to cover everyday-life energy needs. About 20000 households use biogas produced in stock-farms and distributed through small biogas power stations or electricity stations. The annual biogas production potential from animal wastes could cover the energy needs of over 100 million households but research work is still needed to be done to find suitable designs for large-scale biomethanation development in stock-farms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 280-283 (Feb. 2007), p. 895-898 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-a and SrCe0.9Y0.1O3-a powders were synthesized by both the solid-state reaction method and the liquid citrate method. The shrinkage, porosity and relative density of membranes prepared from these powders were determined, after sintering at 1550°C (BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-a membrane) or 1450°C (SrCe0.9Y0.1O3-a membranes) for 3 hours. The XRD patterns show that the crystal structures of the prepared powders and the sintered membranes are orthorhombic perovskite structures. The membranes prepared from the powders synthesized by the solid-state reaction method are denser than those from the powders synthesized by the citrate method with the same composition under the identical sintering conditions
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 353-358 (Sept. 2007), p. 1757-1760 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Films were prepared on the steel (Q235) by means of vacuum vapor deposition throughAl65Cu20Fe15 quasicrystal powders. Influence of ceria on the microstructure and properties of filmswere studied. TEM, SEM and XRD were used to observe the microstructure and morphology offilms. The hardness and the modulus of the film were tested by MTS. The results showed that thefilms were formed through directly vapor deposited by Al65Cu20Fe15 quasicrystal. The films wereconstituted of many phases such as CuAl2, AlCu3 and I (Al65Cu20Fe15) phase. The composition offilms was decided by the technology of deposition. After adding cerium, the microstructure of filmsdid not radically change, however the hardness and modulus of films varied with the increase ofcerium. When the cerium content was 5 wt%, the hardness of films was more than 9.0 GPa.Furthermore, adding cerium could improve obviously the corrosion resistance of films
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-01-11
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate that when three single photons transmit through two polarization channels, in a well-defined pre- and postselected ensemble, there are no two photons in the same polarization channel by weak-strength measurement, a counterintuitive quantum counting effect called the quantum pigeonhole paradox. We further show that this effect breaks down in second-order measurement. These results indicate the existence of the quantum pigeonhole paradox and its operating regime.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-07-05
    Print ISSN: 2469-9985
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-9993
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-05-02
    Print ISSN: 2469-9985
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-9993
    Topics: Physics
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