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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-06-01
    Description: Context. Within the framework of the second-generation instrumentation of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer of the European Southern Observatory we have developed the four-telescope beam combiner in integrated optics. Aims. We optimized the performance of such beam combiners, for the first time in the near-infrared K band, for the GRAVITY instrument dedicated to the study of the close environment of the galactic centre black hole by precision narrow-angle astrometry and interferometric imaging. Methods. We optimized the design of the integrated optics chip and the manufacturing technology as well, to fulfil the very demanding throughput specification. We also designed an integrated optics assembly able to operate at 200 K in the GRAVITY cryostat to reduce thermal emission. Results. We manufactured about 50 beam combiners by silica-on-silicon etching technology. We glued the best combiners to single-mode fluoride fibre arrays that inject the VLTI light into the integrated optics beam combiners. The final integrated optics assemblies have been fully characterized in the laboratory and through on-site calibrations: their global throughput over the K band is higher than 55% and the instrumental contrast reaches more than 95% in polarized light, which is well within the GRAVITY specifications. Conclusions. While integrated optics technology is known to be mature enough to provide efficient and reliable beam combiners for astronomical interferometry in the H band, we managed to successfully extend it to the longest wavelengths of the K band and to manufacture the most complex integrated optics beam combiner in this specific spectral band.
    Print ISSN: 0004-6361
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0746
    Topics: Physics
    Published by EDP Sciences
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1980-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0042-9929
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1181
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 13 (1980), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Higher-order boundary layer theory is used to study the behaviour of nonisothermal laminar and turbulent free jet flows. In addition to the Prandtl boundary layer equations, an equation is used to describe the equilibrium of forces normal to the flow direction. This equilibrium exists between the buoyancy forces caused by gravity and the centrifugal forces resulting from the curvature in the flow. The proper selection of reference values permits the characteristics of the jet flow to be expressed as universal functions in which only the initial jet orientation and the Prandtl number in the case of laminar flow are input parameters. When the volume flow is given in addition to the momentum and thermal energy, the characteristic parameter are the Archimedes number for turbulent flow and the modified Archimedes number for laminar flow. The jet flow is calculated using an integral method in which the eddy viscosity and the turbulent Prandtl number are given as functions of the local Archimedes number. Comparison of experimental data from the literature and from our laboratory on nonisothermal free jets with the theoretical results, show satisfactory agreement. The universal diagrams given in the paper are valid forall plane laminar (Pr=0.7) and turbulent nonisothermal jets.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden nichtisotherme laminare und turbulente ebene Freistrahlen berechnet. Dazu dienen die Differentialgleichungen der Prandtlschen Grenzschichttheorie, ergänzt durch eine weitere Gleichung der Grenzschichttheorie höherer Ordnung, die das Kräftegleichgewicht senkrecht zur Hauptströmungsrichtung wiedergibt. Danach stehen die über der Strahlbreite gemittelten Auftriebskräfte (infolge des Schwerefeldes) senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung mit den Zentrifugalkräften der notwendigerweise gekrümmten Strahlen im Gleichgewicht. Durch geeignete Wahl der Bezugsgrößen lassen sich die Strahleigenschaften universell darstellen, wobei nur noch die Anfangsneigung der Strahlen und bei laminaren Strahlen die Prandtl-Zahl als Parameter eingehen. Wird am Strahlanfang neben Impuls und thermischer Energie auch der Volumenstrom vorgegeben, sind für turbulente Strömungen die Archimedes-Zahl und für laminare Strömungen die modifizierte Archimedes-Zahl die charakteristischen Kennzahlen. Die Strahlen werden mit einem Integralverfahren berechnet, wobei im turbulenten Fall empirische Ansätze für die Scheinviskosität und die turbulente Prandtl-Zahl als Funktion der örtlichen Archimedes-Zahl benutzt werden. Messungen aus der Literatur und eigene Messungen an turbulenten nichtisothermen Freistrahlen bestätigen die theoretischen Ergebnisse. Die angegebenen universellen Diagramme erfassenalle ebenen laminaren (Pr=0,7) und turbulenten nichtisothermen Strahlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 7 (1915), S. 172-172 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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