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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1793-1808 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deamination Reactions, 361) Decomposition of Methylnorbornane-2-diazonium Ions3-, 5-, 6- and 7-Methylnorbornane-2-diazonium ions were generated as exo/endo mixtures by photolysis of the corresponding methyl-2-norbornanone tosylhydrazones (3, 5, 23, 27, 32, 34, 45, 47) in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The composition of the methyl-2-exo-norbornanols indicated virtually complete Wagner-Meerwein equilibration of the cationic intermediates. 6,2-H shifts between secondary cations were rather slow under these conditions, but formation of the tertiary cation 54 was a major reaction of 6-methyl-2-norbornanediazonium ions. 3,2-H Shifts between secondary cations were not observed and less than 2% of tertiary alcohol was produced from 3-methyl-2-norbornanediazonium ions. Methyl-2-endo-norbornanols of retained constitution were also found. Deamination of the stereoisomeric 3-methyl-2-norbornylamines (59, 60, 67, 70) in aqueous perchloric acid revealed that endo alcohols arose from endo diazonium ions only. The position of the 3-methyl group strongly affected the yield of endo alcohol (58% from 59 vs. 7% from 70). A novel reaction path to the endo alcohols is suggested.
    Notes: 3-, 5-, 6- und 7-Methylnorbornan-2-diazonium-Ionen wurden als exo/endo-Gemische durch Photolyse der entsprechenden Methyl-2-norbornanon-tosylhydrazone (3, 5, 23, 27, 32, 34, 45, 47) in wäßriger Natronlauge erzeugt. Die Zusammensetzung der Methyl-2-exo-norbornanole zeigte vollständige Wagner-Meerwein-Äquilibrierung der kationischen Zwischenstufen. 6,2-H-Verschiebungen zwischen sekundären Kationen waren unter diesen Bedingungen relativ langsam, doch war die Bildung des tertiären Kations 54 eine Hauptreaktion der 6-Methytl-2-norbornan-diazonium-Ionen. 3,2-H-Verschiebungen zwischen sekundären Kationen wurden nicht beobachtet; aus 3-Methyl-2-norbornan-diazonium-Ionen erhielt man weniger als 2% tertiären Alkohol. Methyl-2-endo-norbornanole mit der Konstitution des Ausgangsmaterials wurden ebenfalls gefunden. Die Desaminierung der stereoisomeren 3-Methyl-2-norbornylamine (59, 60, 67, 70) in wäßriger Perchlorsäure zeigte, daß endo-Alkohole nur aus endo-Diazonium Ionen entstanden. Die Stellung der 3-Methylgruppe hatte einen starken Einfluß auf die Ausbeute an endo-Alkohol (58% aus 59 gegen 7% aus 70). Ein neuer Reaktionsweg zu den endo-Alkoholen wird vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-09-15
    Description: Leukemia caused by retroviral insertional mutagenesis after stem cell gene transfer has been reported in several experimental animals and in patients treated for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Here, we analyzed whether gene transfer into mature T cells bears the same genotoxic risk. To address this issue in an experimental “worst case scenario,” we transduced mature T cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells from C57BL/6 (Ly5.1) donor mice with high copy numbers of gamma retroviral vectors encoding the potent T-cell oncogenes LMO2, TCL1, or ΔTrkA, a constitutively active mutant of TrkA. After transplantation into RAG-1–deficient recipients (Ly5.2), animals that received stem cell transplants developed T-cell lymphoma/leukemia for all investigated oncogenes with a characteristic phenotype and after characteristic latency periods. Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed monoclonality or oligoclonality of the malignancies. In striking contrast, none of the mice that received T-cell transplants transduced with the same vectors developed leukemia/lymphoma despite persistence of gene-modified cells. Thus, our data provide direct evidence that mature T cells are less prone to transformation than hematopoietic progenitor cells.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-11-16
    Description: After the report of two cases of leukaemia caused by insertional mutagenesis of a retroviral vector in children with SCID, it became clear that safety issues of therapeutic gene transfer must be addressed more thoroughly. We analysed whether gene transfer into mature T cells and haematopoietic stem cells bear the same risk of generating T cell leukaemia through activation of specific T cell oncogenes, such as LMO2, TCL1 and ΔTrkA. To address this issue, we used the Rag-1 mouse model, which allows long term analysis of transplanted T cells and haematopoietic stem cells. We were able to transduce mature T cells and haematopoietic stem cells of C57BL/6 (Ly5.1) donor mice with oncoretroviral vectors expressing LMO2, TCL1 and ΔTrkA. Transduction efficacies of up to 70% were achieved for mature T cells and approximately 90% for haematopoietic stem cells. After transplantation into Rag-1-deficient recipients, stem cell transplanted animals developed T cell lymphomas/leukemia for all investigated oncogenes after characteristic incubation times, mostly of a CD8+CD4+ double positive phenotype. T cell lymphomas were characterised by gross thymic mass, splenomegaly and heavily enlarged lymph nodes, although none of the control- vector- transduced mice developed lymphoma/leukaemia. LM PCR analysis revealed mono- or oligoclonality of the tumours. T cell transplanted animals showed no signs of leukaemia development so far. However, after several attempts, one immortalized T cell progenitor clone could be generated after transduction with LMO2. Our results so far indicate that mature T cells are less susceptible to transformation by known T cell proto-oncogenes, but the studies are still ongoing.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
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