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  • 1
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    Visual scanning behavior (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This report summarizes the results and knowledge of scan behavior gained in various simulation and laboratory studies. Results were obtained through various analysis techniques such as real-time viewing of the pilot's scanning behavior and quantitative analysis of scan behavior performance parameters (average dwell time, dwell percentages, instrument transition paths, dwell percentages, instrument transition paths, dwell histograms, and entropy rate measures). Pilot scan behavior is discussed in the following areas; scanning is a subconscious conditioned activity, scanning is situation dependent, pilots' scanning pattern is centered around a home base. Scanning behavior data nave been shown to be useful in determining pilot's workload, evaluating pilot's strategy and role, determining the rate of information transfer of various displays, and aiding in pilot training.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    How a new instrument affects pilot's mental workload (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Display evaluation has generally been performed using reaction time experiments or subjective evaluations to determine which display is better suited for a particular application. A new testing procedure combined with two analysis techniques of scanning behavior have been used to evaluate two alternative display designs in a realistic setting. Tests were conducted in the Langley Research Center's General Aviation Simulator. The results indicated that a new bargraph type of vertical speed indicator located between the attitude indicator and the altimeter is looked at more quickly, appears to lower cognitive workload slightly, and was preferred over a conventional vertical speed indicator.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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  • 3
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    Visual scanning behavior and pilot workload (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper describes an experimental paradigm and a set of results which demonstrate a relationship between the level of performance on a skilled man-machine control task, the skill of the operator, the level of mental difficulty induced by an additional task imposed on the basic control task, and visual scanning performance. During a constant, simulated piloting task, visual scanning of instruments was found to vary with the difficulty of a verbal mental loading task. The average dwell time of each fixation on the pilot's primary instrument increased with the estimated skill level of the pilots, with novices being affected by the loading task much more than experts. The results suggest that visual scanning of instruments in a controlled task may be an indicator of both workload and skill.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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  • 4
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    Effects of foveal information processing (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The scanning behavior of pilots must be understood so that cockpit displays can be assembled which will provide the most information accurately and quickly to the pilot. The results of seven years of collecting and analyzing pilot scanning data are summarized. The data indicate that pilot scanning behavior is: (1) subsconscious; (2) situation dependent; and (3) can be disrupted if pilots are forced to make conscious decisions. Testing techniques and scanning analysis techniques have been developed that are sensitive to pilot workload.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Dryden Flight Research Center Peripheral Vision Horizon Display (PVHD); p 81-88
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Visual scanning behavior (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: This report summarizes the results and knowledge of scan behavior gained in various simulation and laboratory studies. Results were obtained through various analysis techniques such as real-time viewing of the pilot's scanning behavior and quantitative analysis of scan behavior performance parameters (average dwell time, dwell percentages, instrument transition paths, dwell histograms, and entropy rate measures). Pilot scan behavior is discussed in the following areas; scanning is a subconscious conditioned activity, scanning is situation dependent, pilots' scanning pattern is centered around a home base. Scanning behavior data have been shown to be useful in determining pilot's workload, evaluating pilot's strategy and role, determining the rate of information transfer of various displays, and aiding in pilot training.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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  • 6
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    How a pilot looks at altitude (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Commerical pilot eye scanning data previously collected were reanalyzed to evaluate how pilot used the drum pointer altimeter. The results of these tests showed that the pilots seldom used the drum window apparently because it was difficult to read as indicated by average drum window dwell times of .6 seconds. It is suggested that pilot scanning data be collected for other type of altimeters in order to find those with good scanning characteristics.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: The 1980 Aircraft Safety and Operating Probl., Pt. 1; p 237-248
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Effects of digital altimetry on pilot workload (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of VOR-DME instrument landing approaches was flown in the DC-9 full-workload simulator to compare pilot performance, scan behavior, and workload when using a computer-drum-pointer altimeter (CDPA) and a digital altimeter (DA). Six pilots executed two sets of instrument landing approaches, with a CDPA on one set and a DA on the other set. Pilot scanning parameters, flight performance, and subjective opinion data were evaluated. It is found that the processes of gathering information from the CDPA and the DA are different. The DA requires a higher mental workload than the CDPA for a VOR-DME type landing approach. Mental processing of altitude information after transitioning back to the attitude indicator is more evident with the DA than with the CDPA.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: SAE PAPER 841489
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Analytical techniques of pilot scanning behavior and their application (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The state of the art of oculometric data analysis techniques and their applications in certain research areas such as pilot workload, information transfer provided by various display formats, crew role in automated systems, and pilot training are documented. These analytical techniques produce the following data: real-time viewing of the pilot's scanning behavior, average dwell times, dwell percentages, instrument transition paths, dwell histograms, and entropy rate measures. These types of data are discussed, and overviews of the experimental setup, data analysis techniques, and software are presented. A glossary of terms frequently used in pilot scanning behavior and a bibliography of reports on related research sponsored by NASA Langley Research Center are also presented.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TP-2525 , L-15995 , NAS 1.60:2525
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Effects of digital altimetry on pilot workload (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of VOR-DME instrument landing approaches was flown in the DC-9 full-workload simulator to compare pilot performance, scan behavior, and workload when using a computer-drum-pointer altimeter (CDPA) and a digital altimeter (DA). Six pilots executed two sets of instrument landing approaches, with a CDPA on one set and a DA on the other set. Pilot scanning parameters, flight performance, and subjective opinion data were evaluated. It is found that the processes of gathering information from the CDPA and the DA are different. The DA requires a higher mental workload than the CDPA for a VOR-DME type landing approach. Mental processing of altitude information after transitioning back to the attitude indicator is more evident with the DA than with the CDPA.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-86424 , L-15989 , NAS 1.15:86424
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    In-flight assessment of workload using instrument scan (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: During instrument flight, the pilot obtains information concerning aircraft state by cross checking or scanning the flight instruments. The exact method of scanning the instrument panel varies from pilot to pilot but there are some basic features common to a good scan pattern. The method discussed may be considered a candidate for workload studies with piloting tasks which will invoke a regular visual scan (spatial/temporal pattern of eye movements) during instrument flight. It is important to point out that instrument scan by itself is not a complete indicator of workload nor is task attention necessarily associated with where the pilot happens to be looking at a particular instant. However, whenever instrument scan is required in a piloting task, analysis of scanning behavior may yield important direct or indirect information concerning workload.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and the Practical Assessment of Pilot Workload; p 56-59
    Format: text
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