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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 39 (1988), S. 226-227 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 36 (1987), S. 24-44 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein kürzlich entwickeltes diagnotisches Modell für synoptische Wärmehaushalte wird dargestellt und auf ausgewählte ALPEX-SOP-Termine angewandt. Das Modell verwendet die Erhaltungsgleichungen für Feuchte, (fühlbare) Wärme und Masse. Alle synoptisch beobachtbaren Glieder (einschließlich Feuchte- und Wärmetendenz sowie Bodenniederschlag) werden aus objektiven Analysen spezifiziert. Quasi-beobachtbare Glieder (einschließlich ω, Strahlung, Bodenverdunstung und Bodenwärmefluß) werden ebenfalls als synoptisch angesehen und beobachtungsnahe spezifiziert. Die nicht-beobachtbaren Glieder: Regen, Feuchtefluß und Wärmefluß in der freien Atmosphäre werden als subsynoptisch angesehen und als Residuum bestimmt. Das Modell enthält ein Untermodell für die Fehler, eine Schließungsannahme, welche den vertikalen Feuchte- und Wärmefluß koppelt, sowie eine, auf dem Variationsprinzip beruhende, Modifikation des 3D-Massenflusses. Dies ist der minimale Parametrisierungsaufwand, der mit den vorliegenden Daten möglich ist. Ergebnisse über dem ALPEX-Gebiet werden gezeigt für 5 Termine vom 4.–6. März 1982. Jeder Haushalt ist ein 24 h-Mittel, jede Diagnosebox hat eine horizontale/vertikale Auflösung von 100 km/100 hPa. Die Darstellung konzentriert sich auf die drei vertikalen Wärmeflüsse. Das Modell trennt Signal (=subsynoptische Flüsse, 0–600 W m−2) und Fehler (0–60 W m−2), die Felder sind räumlich und zeitlich kohärent, und die verschiedenen Stadien der synoptischen Entwicklung werden durch die subsynoptischen Felder wiedergegeben. Während der Regen überall abwärts und der Feuchtefluß überall aufwärts gerichtet sind, ist der Wärmefluß aufwärts im Trog, praktisch Null im Rücken und abwärts vor dem nächsten Trog. Der Regenflußvektor ist gewöhnlich divergent, aber kann gelegentlich in unteren Schichten konvergent sein, was Wiederverdunstung anzeigt. Die vielen Einzelheiten der Felder von Regen, Feuchte- und Wärmefluß beweisen, daß diagnostische Modelle dieser Art von potentiellem Nutzen für die weitere synoptische Forschung sind.
    Notes: Summary A recently designed diagnostic model for synoptic heat budgets is reviewed and is applied to selected ALPEX-SOP dates. The model uses the conservation equations for moisture, (sensible) heat and mass. All synoptically observable terms (including moisture and heat tendencies and surface rain) are specified from objective analyses. Quasi-observable terms (including ω, radiation, surface evaporation and surface heat flux) are also considered synoptic and are specified close to observations. The non-observable terms: rain, moisture and heat fluxes in the free atmosphere are considered subsynoptic; they are determined as residuals. The model includes a submodel for the errors, a closure assumption which couples the vertical moisture and heat fluxes and a variational 3D-mass flux modification. This is the minimum parameterization level possible with these data. Results over the ALPEX-domain are shown for 5 dates from 4–6 March 1982. Each budget is a 24 h-average, each diagnostic box has a horizontal/vertical resolution of 100 km/100 hPa. The presentation focusses upon the three vertical heat fluxes. The model separates signal (=subsynoptic fluxes, 0–600 W m−2) from error (0–60 W m−2), the fields are coherent both in space and time, and the different stages of the synoptic development are reproduced by the subsynoptic fields. While the rain is downward and the moisture flux upward everywhere, the heat flux is upward in the trough, weak in the ridge and downward ahead of the next trough. The rain flux vector is usually divergent but can occasionally be convergent in lower levels which indicates reevaporation. The great detail in the fields of rain, moisture and heat flux proves that diagnostic models of this kind are potentially useful for further synoptic research.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1985), S. 407-420 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Synoptische Haushalte von Masse, fühlbarer und latenter Würme werden mit einem neuen diagnostischen Modell auf Grundlage der Erhaltungsgleichungen berechnet. Das Modell liefert die subsynoptischen (nicht beobachteten) vertikalen Eddy-Flüsse von fühlbarer Wärme, latenter Wärme und Regen in der freien Atmosphäre mit einem Minimum an Parametrisierung. Eingangsdaten sind die synoptischen Standardfelder (aus objektiven statistischen Analysen), Bodenniederschlag (gemessen), Strahlung (Modell) und Bodenwärmeflüsse (parametrisiert). Die Atmosphäre über Europa wird in 1280 massengleiche Boxen (Fläche (156 km)2, Dicke 200 hPä) eingeteilt; für jede werden Haushalte berechnet. Wichtige Eigenschaft des Verfahrens ist die Modifikation des analysierten Massenflusses derart, daß die 3D-Divergenz eliminiert wird. Dies erfordert 5% Massenflußmodifikation, aber vermindert die Box-Imbalance von 1000 W/m2 auf 50 W/m2 ; diese Zahl stellt den Fehler der Wärmehaushalte dar. Ergebnisse für die Genua-Zyklogenese des 4./5. März 1982 während ALPEX-SOP werden dargestellt. Sie zeigen, daß das Modell Signal (= subsynoptischer Fluß) und Rauschen (= Imbalance) trennt, daß die subsynoptischen Flüsse gelegentlich 500 W/m2 übersteigen und daher in synoptischen Haushalten nicht vernachlässigbar sind, daß sie räumlich und zeitlich kohärent sind, und daß die verschiedenen Stadien der Zyklone durch die Verschiedenheit der Felder dieser Eddy-Flüsse gekennzeichnet werden können.
    Notes: Summary Synoptic budgets of mass, sensible and latent heat are calculated with a new diagnostic model based upon the conservation equations. The model estimates the subsynoptic (unobserved) vertical eddy fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and rain in the atmosphere with a minimum of parameterization. Input data include the standard synoptic fields (from objective statistical analyses), surface precipitation (measured), radiation (model) and surface heat fluxes (parameterized). The atmosphere over Europe is divided into 1280 boxes of equal mass (area (156 km)2, thickness 200 hPa); budgets are calculated for each box. Key ingredient of the technique is a modification of the analysed mass flux such that its residual 3D-divergence is eliminated. This requires 5% mass flux modification but reduces the box heat imbalance from 1000 W/m2 to 50 W/m2; the latter figure represents the error of the heat budgets. Results are shown for the Genoa cyclogenesis of 4/5 March 1982 during ALPEX-SOP. They demonstrate that the model separates signal (= subsynoptic flux) from noise (= imbalance), that the subsynoptic fluxes occasionally exceed 500 W/m2 and thus are not negligible in synoptic budgets, that they are coherent both in space and time, and that the different stages of the cyclone can be characterized by the different patterns of these eddy fluxes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 67 (1998), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Convection, a sub-gridscale process, is coupled to the gridscale motions via the averaged budget equations. In this study atmospheric convection is represented by the vertical eddy flux of equivalent temperature, referred to asconvective flux. It is demonstrated with a thermodynamic diagnostic model for an atmospheric column (DIAMOD) that the convective flux can, with tolerable error, be diagnosed from daily global gridscale analyses. These yield the gridscale budget of equivalent temperature. The budget is the observable quantity, it is in balance with the unobservable convective flux. We reproduce the known result that in convectively active atmospheric columns the budget is negative in lower and positive in upper layers. The corresponding vertical mean slope of the budget controls the convective strength; the slope is strongly negative for deep convection. In the global mean column the convective flux converges upward throughout the entire atmosphere. In actual convective situations, however, the flux diverges in lower layers, reaches highest intensity somewhere between 700–500 hPa and converges in the upper atmosphere. We find maximum fluxes around 600 W/m2 in individual tropical columns and extreme fluxes exceeding 1000 W/m2 in midlatitude columns. In the monthly mean however, the convective flux is clearly larger in the tropics; it also reaches to significantly higher levels in the tropics than in midlatitudes. While these qualitative results are invariant against using both routine analysis and reanalysis data from different sources (ECMWF and NCEP) our results change quantitatively when changing the data sources. We attribute this effect to differences in the sub-gridscale parameterization implicit in the objective data assimilation of the weather centres which are not completely removed by the incoming observation data in the final analyses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 59 (1996), S. 263-266 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 201-227 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A diagnostic model (DIAMOD) for the atmosphere over Europe is use at the University of Vienna. Central parameters in each diagnostic column (horizontal resolution 100 km, time resolution 12 hours) are the vertical moisture plus heat flux (the total convective heat fluxh) and the vertical rain flux (r); both are functions of pressure. In this study DIAMOD is applied to validate the output of a forecast model for the simulation of acid deposition (EURAD) which is in use at the University of Cologne. The basic equations of both DIAMOD and EURAD models are summarized with emphasis on the sub-gridscale hydrologic components. First, the nontrivial problem of validating model output versus observations is discussed. Two different validation techniques based upon the budget equations are indentified. The fully prognostic technique compares the forecast of EURAD for the total verification period with the corresponding DIAMOD output. The semiprognostic validation technique involves only one-time-step tendencies. Neither yields an exact correspondence between EURAD and DIAMOD; however, the semiprognostic technique comes somewhat closer to the ideal of an objective validation. The quantities investigated are: The fields, the time tendencies and the fluxesh andr. Second, EURAD is validated versus DIAMOD with both techniques for the EUMAC Joint Wet Case (the Chernobyl episode) in April 1986; the output fields include selected profiles ofh(p) over France (a moist night situation) and over Greece (a dry day situation). The comparison demonstrates for both that the EURAD forecasts are acceptable for ther-fluxes but are relatively poor for theh-fluxes. Reasons for the differences are discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2001-02-28
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1998-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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