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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The exponential probability density function and concentration fluctuations in smoke plumes (1984)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 29 (1984), S. 361-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of 1-s average concentration fluctuations during two trials of a U.S. Army diffusion experiment are presented and compared with model predictions based on an exponential probability density function (pdf). The source is near the surface and concentration monitors are on lines about 30 to 100 m downwind of the source. The observed ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of the concentration fluctuations is about 1.3 on the mean plume axis and 4 to 5 on the mean plume edges. Plume intermittency (fraction of non-zero readings) is about 50%; on the mean plume axis and 10%; on the mean plume edges. A meandering plume model is combined with an exponential pdf assumption to produce predictions of the intermittency and the standard deviation of the concentration fluctuations that are within 20%; of the observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120535
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of line averaging on concentration fluctuations (1987)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 40 (1987), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reduction in variance of concentration fluctuations due to line averaging is estimated assuming that the process is influenced by the integral distance scale, y I , of ambient turbulence and the scaling width, W, of the time-averaged plume. An analytical formula is derived for the line-averaged variance for situations where the autocorrelogram is exponential and the point variance decreases exponentially with distance from plume centerline. Predictions of concentration fluctuation variance are compared with water tank and field data, with the result that the decrease of variance with averaging distance is well-simulated if the model parameters y I and W are carefully chosen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variation of horizontal wind direction fluctuations in complex terrain at Geysers, Cal. (1981)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 21 (1981), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Horizontal diffusion in the surface layer is dependent on the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations σθ. Diurnal variation of this parameter in complex terrain was studied for the July 1979 Geysers, Cal., experiment using data from a network of 11 short meteorological towers in the 25 km2 Anderson Creek watershed Valley side slopes are roughly 20 ° and maximum terrain difference is about 1 km. Values of σθ for wind directions sampled for one hour at a height of 10 m are about 35 ° during the daytime. They slowly decrease to about 20 ° by 8 to 10 p.m. as stability increases but wind speeds are still relatively high. After 10 p.m. the drainage flow sets in at most stations, with speeds of 1 to 2 m s-1, and average σθ increases to about 30° during the period 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. In general, highest values of σθ at night are associated with lowest values of wind speed and greatest static stability. This enhancement of σθ by the terrain suggests that horizontal diffusion at night always conforms to that expected during nearly neutral stabilities. That is, Pasquill class D diffusion applies to the horizontal component all night in complex terrain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033938
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical formula for the height of the coastal internal boundary layer (1987)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 40 (1987), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of the height of the daytime coastal internal boundary layer at several sites are used to justify an empirical formula in the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model, which states that the boundary-layer slope is 0.1 in the first 2km from the shoreline, and 0.03 therafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140077
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time series analyses of concentration and wind fluctuations (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 47 (1989), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of concentration fluctuation (C′) spectra from boundary-layer smoke plume experiments at six separate locations show that the spectra from these experiments generally exhibit an inertial subrange at high frequencies with a slope of -5/3 and indicate peak energy at a time period of about 50 to 100 s. These periods of peak energy are a factor of two to five less than those for the peak of the wind speed fluctuation (u′ or v′) spectra. A general spectral formula fits normalized spectra from the U.S. and Australia, where the frequency, n, is made dimensionless by multiplying by the plume dispersion parameter, Σ y , and dividing by the wind speed, u. Peak energy occurs at a dimensionless frequency of nΣ y/u equal to about 0.15. The Kolmogorov constant in the inertial subrange is estimated from a set of averaged spectra. Cross-spectra indicate little relation between concentration and wind fluctuations. However, most of the correlation that exists is due to periods larger than about 10 or 20 s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122326
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representativeness of wind measurements on a mesoscale grid with station separations of 312 m to 10 km (1992)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 60 (1992), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was carried out in which wind speed and direction were measured over flat terrain at a height of 10 m using 13 identical instruments spaced logarithmically along two perpendicular 10 km lines. Station separations ranged from 312 m to 10 km. One-minute data from 11 sampling periods of duration 6 to 10 h were studied. p ]The statistics showed little dependence on whether the line of instruments was oriented along the wind or across the wind. The correlation coefficients between wind fluctuations at two stations separated by distance δx were found to vary exponentially with δx, with an integral distance scale on the order of 1 km. The integral time scale derived from the variation of the single station variances with averaging time was found to equal several minutes. At a station separation of 10 km, the correlation coefficients between the wind components at the two sites were calculated to be 0.24, 0.37, and 0.47 for averaging times of 1, 10, and 60 min, respectively. These values for the correlation coefficients correspond to root-mean-square differences in wind speed at the two stations of about 1.3, 1.0, and 0.7 m/s, respectively. Exponential formulas based on dimensional analysis are suggested for fitting these observations. It is found that the observations of spatial correlations are best fit if two independent integral distance scales are used — a boundary-layer distance scale of about 300 m that best applies to small station separations and a mesoscale distance scale of about 10 km that applies to larger station separations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155200
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overwater dispersion in coastal regions (1984)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 30 (1984), S. 389-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Air pollution sources such as oil platforms and ships are sometimes located near coastlines where the plumes can impact population centers. Models of overwater dispersion must account for the stability of the overwater boundary layer. An overwater dispersion model based on the standard Gaussian formula is described which uses measurements of the air-sea temperature difference, the wind speed, and the mixing depth to predict concentration patterns at the coastline. Internal boundary layers and complex terrain at the coastline are accounted for. This new model is evaluated using the results of three tracer experiments in United States coastal zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121963
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to comments by D. Netterville (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 34 (1986), S. 209-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120921
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary-layer parameterizations for applied dispersion modeling over urban areas (1992)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 58 (1992), S. 229-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Many applied dispersion models require the knowledge of boundary-layer parameters such as sensible heat flux,Q H , friction velocity,u *, and turbulent energy components, σw and σ v . Formulas are suggested for calculating these parameters over a wide variety of types of ground surfaces, based on simple observations of wind speed near the ground and fractional cloud cover, and specification of constants such as roughness length, albedo, and soil moisture availability. Observations ofu *,Q H , σ w , and σ v during field experiments in St. Louis and Indianapolis are used to test the formulas for urban sites. Relative errors of about ±20% in the predictions are seen to occur whenu *,Q H , σ w , and σ v are large. However, when these quantities are small (e.g.,u * 〈 0.2 m/s), the errors in the predictions are as large as the mean value of the quantity itself. In addition, it is concluded from studies of available field data and theories that the magnitude of σ w is not well-known at elevations above about 100m during the late afternoon and night. Some simple parameterizations for σ w . are suggested that are consistent with the observed steady decrease in ground-level concentration in the afternoon and the sudden increase in concentration that can occur a few hours after sunset due to wind shears associated with a low-level jet, for continuous plumes emitted from moderate to tall stacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033826
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  • 10
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    The quest for an advanced regional air quality model (1994)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society
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