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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early Successional Patterns and Potential Facilitation of Woody Plant Colonization by Rotting Logs in Premontane Costa Rican Pastures (2000)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined the size, species, location (x and y coordinates), and microsite inhabited by colonizing trees and shrubs in five abandoned pastures in southern Costa Rica. All woody stems greater than 1 m tall in the pastures were measured and mapped, from the overhanging forest edge to 50 m into the abandoned pasture. Species composition of colonists differed substantially among pastures: Croton draco (Euphorbiaceae) dominated one site, two species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) another site, and Verbesina tapentiensis (Asteraceae) a third site. Site 4 had the highest cover of rotting logs (11%), and a four-fold greater density of colonizing woody plants than the site with the next highest colonist density. For all species pooled, and for several individual taxa, density was positively correlated across sites with abundance of log microsites.Four of the six most common woody species in site 4 occurred on logs significantly more often than expected had they been randomly distributed relative to logs. Site 5 had less abundance of logs, but the common Miconia species was again significantly more likely to be found on log microsites. These results strongly suggest that rotting wood microsites facilitate establishment of bird-dispersed pioneer trees, which in turn could foster regrowth of other forest species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80051.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOLUBLE SUGAR COMPOSITION OF POND-CYPRESS: A POTENTIAL HYDROECOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF GROUND WATER PERTURBATIONS (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Pond-cypress, a deciduous conifer, is a dominant canopy species in depressional wetlands of the southeastern Coastal Plain (SCP). Extensive premature decline and death of pond-cypress trees in central Florida have been attributed to hydroperiod alterations due to excessive withdrawals of ground water from the Floridan aquifer. One factor identified in the decline process is basal decay, which may be related to the presence of Botryosphaeria rhodina and Fusarium species (nonaggressive, facultative fungal pathogens). These fungi have been cultured from sapwood tissue of declining pond-cypress associated with ground water mining, but not from pond-cypress away from ground water mimng areas. In this experiment, differences in soluble (nonstructural) carbohydrate composition of branch tips were evaluated for one-and two-year old, nursery-grown (unsheltered) pond-cypress, following a year of growth under treatment conditions (control, fungal inoculation, water stress, and fungal inoculation plus water stress) in a growth chamber. Results from two methods of wet chemical analysis were compared (trimethylsilyl methylglycoside-Method A, and alditol acetate - Method B). Three pentoses (arabinose, rhamnose, and xylose) and three hexoses (galactose, glucose, and mannose) were identified in branch tips from both age classes. A fourth hexose (fucose) also was identified in samples from the younger trees. The acidic sugar, galacturonic acid, was identified in both age classes using Method A. Results suggest that prolonged water stress is correlated with greater relative concentrations of the neutral soluble sugars rhamnose (P = 0.02), xylose (P = 0.02), and galactose (P = 0.02), in addition to the acidic sugar galacturonic acid (P = 0.01), for Method A, and arabinose (P = 0.02) for Method B. These results also suggest that in the absence of water stress, the fungal pathogen B. rhodina does not penetrate to the sapwood of the trees, and that inoculation with this fungal pathogen is not correlated with differences in relative concentrations of nonstructural, soluble carbohydrates, based on Method A analysis. Empirical evidence suggests that pond-cypress trees in depressional wetlands respond similarly to anthropogenic perturbations of ground water, but not to natural periods of drought in the absence of such perturbations. Therefore, pond-cypress appear to be integrators of groundwater perturbations. Greater concentrations of the soluble sugars identified in this study in pond-cypress branch tips may be hydroecological indicators of such anthropogenic perturbations as unsustainable yield from the regional aquifer and adverse impacts from aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) activities in the SCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04248.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect food preferences analysed using 13C/12C ratios (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 38 (1979), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis is a powerful technique in tracing ecosystem carbon flows, especially those between primary and secondary producers. The distinctive 13C/12C ratios of plant species tend to pass along the food chain with little further fractionation, hence the stable carbon isotope composition of an animal is an important clue to what it has eaten. We compared the stable carbon isotope composition of plants and insects in an old field in Georgia. Of the dominant plants in the old field, 6 were C4 species and had δ13C1 values of-10.9‰ to 12.9‰, and 7 were C3 species with values of-27.3‰ to-29.1‰. Insects known to be feeding on only one plant species had δ13C values within 1‰ of the isotopic composition of the plant. Wasp larvae parasitizing two insect species had δ13C values 1.3 and 1.7‰ higher than that of the food plant. A variety of insects of unknown food habits collected on monospecific and mixed species plant stands in the old field had δ13C values ranging from-10.1‰ to-30.0‰. Two species of leafhopper and a grasshopper had isotopic compositions within the range of C4 plant values; a tortoise beetle and a lace bug had isotopic compositions within C3 plant values. Other insects had intermediate δ13C values, suggesting a mixed diet composed of both C3 and C4 plants. The carbon isotopic ratios of field collected insects appears to be a useful qualitative indicator of their feeding preference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346561
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification potentials in early successional black locust and in mixed hardwood forest stands in the southern Appalachians, USA (1986)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 2 (1986), S. 197-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrate leaching ; successional ; N fixation ; Robinia pseudoacacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Soil nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification potentials, and soil solution chemistry were measured in black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia L.), in pine-mixed hardwood stands on an early successional watershed (WS6), and in an older growth oak-hickory forest located on an adjacent, mixed hardwood watershed (WS14) at Coweeta Hydrologic laboratory, in the southern Appalachian mountains, U.S.A. Nitrification potentials were higher in black locust and pine-mixed hardwood early successional stands than in the oak-hickory forest of the older growth watershed. Ammonification rates were the main factor controlling nitrification in the early successional stands. There was no evidence of inhibition of nitrification in soils from the older growth oak-hickory forest site. Within the early successional watershed, black locust sites had net mineralisation and nitrification rates at least twice as high as those in the pine mixed-hardwood stands. Concentrations of exchangeable nitrate in the soil of black locust stands were higher than in pine-mixed hardwoods at 0–15 cm in March and they were also higher at 0–15, 16–30 and 31–45 cm depth in the black locust dominated sites in July. Soil solution nitrate concentrations were higher under black locust than under pine-mixed hardwoods. Areas dominated by the nitrogen fixing black locust had greater nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification rates, resulting in higher potential for leaching losses of nitrate from the soil column in the early successional watershed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180195
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A technique for estimating fine root production in the forest ecosystems (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 421-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Root ; Root production technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil-block technique was developed to estimate fine root production in forest ecosystems. This technique produced estimates similar to conventional soil coring but required less labor and reduced disturbance to the soil-root environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184319
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of carbon disulfide (CS2) from L-djenkolic acid in the roots of Mimosa pudica L. (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbonyl sulfide ; gnotobiotic ; Mimosoideae ; root ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract CS2 is a volatile liquid with bacteriostatic, fungicidal, nematicidal and insecticidal properties. The roots of some plants, particularly those in the subfamily Mimosoideae, produce CS2. These plants may have an agronomic use in crop rotations or intercropping because root-produced CS2 may act as a deterrent to soil pathogens. The biochemical pathway leading to the production of CS2 from mimosoid roots is unclear. Presumably, S-alkyl cysteine lyases present in mimosoid seedlings hydrolyze L-djenkolic acid, a unique, non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, to pyruvate, ammonia and methylene dithiol. Because methylene dithiol has never been detected from mimosoid roots, we hypothesized that CS2 is produced instead. Mimosa pudica, a species which produces CS2 in its roots, was used as a model plant. To eliminate CS2 production from microbial sources, all plants were grown gnotobiotically. S-alkyl cysteine lyase activity was confirmed in M. pudica when PbS formed on injured roots treated with L-cysteine and lead acetate. When injured roots were wetted, CS2 production increased significantly compared to non-wetted roots. When L-djenkolic was applied to injured roots, CS2 production increased significantly compared to controls. Both thin-layer paper chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of L-djenkolic acid in root tissues of M. pudica. These findings suggest CS2 production in roots of M. pudica occurs via the hydrolysis of L-djenkolic acid by S-alkyl cysteine lyase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004212311131
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of humic substances on the aerobic decomposition of submerged leaf litter (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 206 (1990), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fulvic acid ; litter decomposition ; swamps ; wetlands ; acidity ; humic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf material was incubated in flasks containing streamwater in which the pH and the concentration of isolated fulvic acid were varied independently of one another. Decomposition of the leaf material was slower at pH 4 than at pH 5 or 7, but the concentration of fulvic acid had no effect when the pH was held constant. At pH 5, 20 mg Cl−1 humic acid also had no effect on decomposition. High concentrations of dissolved fulvic acids may contribute to the slow decomposition of plant litter characteristic of many wetlands through their contribution to hydrogen ion activity, but we could find no evidence for other properties of fulvic acid which inhibit leaf litter decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018639
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid rain: Threshold of leaf damage in eight plant species from a Southern Appalachian forest succession (1980)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 14 (1980), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Eight plant species were subjected to artifical acid rains of pH 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 in order to determine the threshold for and symptoms of damage. The plants were Erechtites, Robinia, Pinus, Quercus, Carya, Liriodendron, Acer and Corpus from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory near Franklin, North Carolina Droplets of pH 2.0 produced brown necrotic spots on all species except Pinus while droplets of pH 1.0 produced necroses on leaves of all species examined. The size of necrotic spots increased with increasing acidity. Comparison of these results with the literature suggests that developing leaves are more easily damaged than are the mature leaves used in this study. The volume weighted average rainfall pH for Coweeta is 4.6 with observations ranging from 3.2 to 5.9. Results of this study suggest that a 10-fold increase in acidity from pH 3.2 to 2.2 in a single spring or summer storm could bring damage or death to mature leaves of dominant flowering plants in the Southern Appalachians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291852
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  • 9
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    On the development of SWOT in situ calibration/validation for short-wavelength ocean topography (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-01
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(5), (2022): 595–617, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0039.1.
    Description: The future Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission aims to map sea surface height (SSH) in wide swaths with an unprecedented spatial resolution and subcentimeter accuracy. The instrument performance needs to be verified using independent measurements in a process known as calibration and validation (Cal/Val). The SWOT Cal/Val needs in situ measurements that can make synoptic observations of SSH field over an O(100) km distance with an accuracy matching the SWOT requirements specified in terms of the along-track wavenumber spectrum of SSH error. No existing in situ observing system has been demonstrated to meet this challenge. A field campaign was conducted during September 2019–January 2020 to assess the potential of various instruments and platforms to meet the SWOT Cal/Val requirement. These instruments include two GPS buoys, two bottom pressure recorders (BPR), three moorings with fixed conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) and CTD profilers, and a glider. The observations demonstrated that 1) the SSH (hydrostatic) equation can be closed with 1–3 cm RMS residual using BPR, CTD mooring and GPS SSH, and 2) using the upper-ocean steric height derived from CTD moorings enable subcentimeter accuracy in the California Current region during the 2019/20 winter. Given that the three moorings are separated at 10–20–30 km distance, the observations provide valuable information about the small-scale SSH variability associated with the ocean circulation at frequencies ranging from hourly to monthly in the region. The combined analysis sheds light on the design of the SWOT mission postlaunch Cal/Val field campaign.
    Description: The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). All authors are supported by the SWOT project. J. T. Farrar was partially supported by NASA NNX16AH76G.
    Description: 2022-11-01
    Keywords: Internal waves ; Ocean dynamics ; Small scale processes ; Altimetry ; Global positioning systems (GPS) ; In situ oceanic observations ; Ship observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 10
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    A long-term study of tree seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: the effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories (2000)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-01
    Description: We examined the importance of intermediate-sized gaps and a dense shrub layer on tree seedling recruitment in a southern Appalachian deciduous forest. We created 12 canopy gaps under two contrasting understory conditions: 6 gaps were dominated by the dense, shade-producing shrub, Rhododendron maximum L., while the remaining gaps were relatively open. Density of first-year and 〉first-year seedlings was monitored for 5 years in transects extending from adjacent undisturbed forest through the experimental gaps. We concurrently measured the understory light environment, soil moisture, litter biomass, and seed rain. Neither species diversity nor richness consistently increased following gap formation. Acer rubrum L. responded consistently to canopy gaps with increased seedling densities while most other species, including both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species, did not. Seedling densities were especially low and unresponsive to gap formation in areas dominated by R. maximum. Understory light levels were consistently low beneath R. maximum and did not increase with canopy gap formation. Our results suggest that dense shrub cover can neutralize recruitment opportunities in canopy gaps, that seed rain often limits recruitment in gaps, and that canopy gaps that are larger or include understory disturbance are needed to maintain diversity in these forests.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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