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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elucidating the Population Histories and Transmission Dynamics of Papillomaviruses Using Phylogenetic Trees (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. 199 -206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Papillomaviruses — Phylogeny — Molecular clock — Population history — Transmission dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Using gene genealogies constructed from gene sequence data, we show that both the mucosal and cutaneous papillomaviruses (PV)—supergroups A and B—appear to have been transmitted through susceptible populations faster than exponentially. The data and methods involved (1) examining the PV database for phylogenetic signal in an L1 open reading frame (ORF) fragment and an E1 ORF segment, (2) demonstrating that the same two fragments have evolved in a way consistent with a molecular clock, and (3) applying methods of phylogenetic tree analysis that test different scenarios for the dynamics of viral transmission within populations. The results indicate increases in PV populations of both supergroups A and B in the recent past. This form of the increases, which fit a null model of population growth with an exponent increasing in time, is compatible with the fact that human populations have grown at a faster than exponential rate, thus increasing the numbers of susceptible hosts for HPVs. There are, however, indications that the population of supergroup A has now stopped increasing in size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006136
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of Evidence for Cospeciation Between Retroelements and Their Hosts (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 50 (2000), S. 194-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Cospeciation — Phylogenetic relationships — Retroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Some literature is available on cospeciation and on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of retroelements, but relatively little consideration has been given to whether there is cospeciation between retroelements and their hosts. Here we address this problem in detail. We conclude that there is no significant evidence for cospeciation between retroelements and their hosts. This conclusion was reached by noting that the branching order of the two phylogenies was no more similar than would be expected by chance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910021
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of Rate Variation in Mammalian DNA Sequence Evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 610-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Molecular evolution — Molecular clock — Phylogeny — Metabolic rate — Generation time — Body size — Allometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Attempts to analyze variation in the rates of molecular evolution among mammalian lineages have been hampered by paucity of data and by nonindependent comparisons. Using phylogenetically independent comparisons, we test three explanations for rate variation which predict correlations between rate variation and generation time, metabolic rate, and body size. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes, protein coding, rRNA, and nontranslated sequences from 61 mammal species representing 14 orders are used to compare the relative rates of sequence evolution. Correlation analyses performed on differences in genetic distance since common origin of each pair against differences in body mass, generation time, and metabolic rate reveal that substitution rate at fourfold degenerate sites in two out of three protein sequences is negatively correlated with generation time. In addition, there is a relationship between the rate of molecular evolution and body size for two nuclear-encoded sequences. No evidence is found for an effect of metabolic rate on rate of sequence evolution. Possible causes of variation in substitution rate between species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination between sequences of hepatitis B virus from different genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hepatitis B virus ; Recombination ; Phylogeny ; Coinfection ; Genotypes ; Antigenic subtypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of 25 hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates for which complete genome sequences are available revealed two that occupied different positions in phylogenetic trees reconstructed from different open reading frames. Further analysis indicated that this incongruence was the result of recombination between viruses of different genomic and antigenic types. Both putative recombinants originated from geographic regions where multiple genotypes are known to cocirculate. A search of the sequence databases showed evidence of similar intergenotypic recombinants. These observations indicate that recombination between divergent strains may represent an important source of genetic variation in HBV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198834
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination Between Sequences of Hepatitis B Virus from Different Genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Hepatitis B virus — Recombination — Phylogeny — Coinfection — Genotypes — Antigenic subtypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A comparison of 25 hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates for which complete genome sequences are available revealed two that occupied different positions in phylogenetic trees reconstructed from different open reading frames. Further analysis indicated that this incongruence was the result of recombination between viruses of different genomic and antigenic types. Both putative recombinants originated from geographic regions where multiple genotypes are known to cocirculate. A search of the sequence databases showed evidence of similar intergenotypic recombinants. These observations indicate that recombination between divergent strains may represent an important source of genetic variation in HBV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198834
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of rate variation in mammalian DNA sequence evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 610-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular evolution ; Molecular clock ; Phylogeny ; Metabolic rate ; Generation time ; Body size ; Allometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Attempts to analyze variation in the rates of molecular evolution among mammalian lineages have been hampered by paucity of data and by nonindependent comparisons. Using phylogenetically independent comparisons, we test three explanations for rate variation which predict correlations between rate variation and generation time, metabolic rate, and body size. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes, protein coding, rRNA, and nontranslated sequences from 61 mammal species representing 14 orders are used to compare the relative rates of sequence evolution. Correlation analyses performed on differences in genetic distance since common origin of each pair against differences in body mass, generation time, and metabolic rate reveal that substitution rate at fourfold degenerate sites in two out of three protein sequences is negatively correlated with generation time. In addition, there is a relationship between the rate of molecular evolution and body size for two nuclear-encoded sequences. No evidence is found for an effect of metabolic rate on rate of sequence evolution. Possible causes of variation in substitution rate between species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Niche breadth in Bryozoans (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 260 (1976), S. 77-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] O'CONNOR et al.1 consider a resource gradient with an optimum point for a particular species. Other factors being equal, individuals migrating to a new environment will tend to select the optimum, or near optimum. As population density increases, the advantages of being near the optimum may be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/260077a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 1055-1058 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The mammalian brain comprises a number of functionally distinct systems. It might therefore be expected that natural selection on particular behavioural capacities would have caused size changes selectively, in the systems mediating those capacities. It has been claimed, however, that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35016580
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution Opportunity versus innovation (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 676-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A tradition in biology has been taxonomy, the classification of organisms into hierarchical groupings: the identification of species, the grouping of species into genera, genera into tribes, tribes into families, and so on. Many biologists have long been preoccupied with going further and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425676b
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary ecology Different routes to similar ends (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 392 (1998), S. 552-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In science, it can be all too easy to provide the public with different take-home messages from the same body of theory and data. Nowhere is that more apparent than from evolution, where different authors have championed different perspectives. Richard Dawkins, for example, frequently emphasizes ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33290
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